Betydningen av seksuell erfaring, tiltrekning og identitet for ...

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Conclusion The pattern of homosexual behaviour and attraction found among Norwegian young people is mixed and varied, but some conclusions stand out. For one, a minority of youths had homosexual experiences during their adolescence; however, much of this experience was not unequivocally tied to homosexual attractions and a possible homosexual self-identity at this age. For a segment of these young people, homoerotic and homosexual behaviour could be interpreted outside a homosexual orientation perspective, perhaps even as a continuance of heterosexual sexual development or inside heterosexual scripts. For others, homosexual experience and attractions are closely knit, and may be an expression of their homosexual orientation and a basis for a gay, lesbian or bisexual identity. The results also indicate that, perhaps due to a stronger stigma of homosexual behaviour between men, young women in Norway allow themselves to explore homoerotic relations to a greater extent than young men. The relationship between homosexual experiences and attractions was stronger among young men than among young women and there was a stronger consistency between homosexual behaviours among the young men. Again, the stronger stigma on male homosexuality restricts sexual latitude for young men and could explain the finding that romantic attraction was more common among the homosexually experienced young men than among the young women. Perhaps homosexual experiences represent a more fundamental break with heteronormativity for young men and hence are to a greater degree part of a homosexual orientation? These results have wider relevance for future research on sexual minority youth. Based on these results, a reasonable conclusion seems to be that it is not enough to record homosexual experiences alone to isolate a group of young people with a gay or lesbian sexual orientation. Over the last couple of years, several population-based studies of young people from Norway, the US and Australia have concluded that gay, lesbian and bisexual youth are at greater risk of suicide attempts and substance abuse (DuRant, Krowchuk, & Sinal, 1998; Faulkner & Cranston, 1998; Fergusson, Horwood, & Beautrais, 1999; Remafedi, French, Story, Resnick, & Blum, 1998; Wichstrøm & Hegna, 2003). However, when such questions are addressed, the population is in many cases simply dichotomised on the basis of experiences of homosexuality (DuRant et al., 1998; Faulkner & Cranston, 1998). The present study indicates that homosexual behaviour is in many cases not followed by homosexual attractions and is consequently not an appropriate operationalisation of GLB – Homo? – 149
identity. Later studies need to disentangle sexual behaviour from sexual attraction with a view to establishing whether heightened psychosocial risk is related to homosexual identity issues, or if this risk could also be related to breaking heteronormative barriers or to a general tendency toward unconventionality among youth. Acknowledgment The authors wish to thank Professor PhD Willy Pedersen and Sveinung Sandberg, University of Oslo and Ingrid Smette, NOVA for valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper. References Bjerrum Nielsen, H. and Rudberg, M. (2000) Gender, Love and Education in Three Generations: The Way Out and Up. The European Journal of Women’s Studies, 7, 423-453. Bozon, M. and Kontula, O. (1997) Initiation Sexuelle et Genre: Comparaison des Evolutions des Douze Pays Européens. Population, 6, 1367-1400. Bullough, V. L. (1998) Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey Report: Historical Overview and Lasting Contributions. Journal of Sex Research, 35, 127-131. Butler, J. (1993) Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’ (New York: Routledge). Dalley, P. and Campbell, M.C. (2006) Constructing and Contesting Discourses of Heteronormativity: An Ethnographic Study of Youth in a Francophone High School in Canada. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 5, 11-29. Dempsey, D. Hillier, L. and Harrison, L. (2001) Gendered (S)explorations among Same-sex Attracted Young People in Australia. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 67-81. Diamond, L.M. (1998) Development of Sexual Orientation among Adolescent and Young Adult Women. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1085-1095. Diamond, L.M. (2003) New Paradigms for Research on Heterosexual and Sexual- Minority Development. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 490-498. Diamond, L. M. and Lucas, S. (2004) Sexual-Minority and Heterosexual Youths' Close Relationships: Experiences, Expectations, and Implications for Well- Being. Journal for Research on Adolescence, 14, 313-340. DuRant, R.H., Krowchuk, D.P. and Sinal, S.H. (1998) Victimization, Use of Violence and Drug Use at School among Male Adolescents who Engage in Same-Sex Sexual Behavior. Journal of Pediatrics, 133, 113-118. 150 – NOVA Rapport 1/07 –
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Homo? Betydningen av seksuell erfar
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Forord Avhandlingen handler om ungd
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Innhold 1 Innledning og bakgrunn ..
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1 Innledning og bakgrunn Temaet for
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dette tilfellet tilfredsstilte ikke
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eskrive prosesser som er av betydni
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vært tolket som uttrykk for at den
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Hensikten med disse første kapitle
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2.1 Identitet i tenårene Hva er id
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1968/1992), slik også Erving Goffm
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normer og verdier, tegn og symboler
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…grusom i sin måte å utelukke d
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opplevd heterofil tiltrekning vil i
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foranderlige med denne følelsen av
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seksuell atferd og begjær og ident
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livshistorier (Herdt & Boxer 1993).
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selvmordsforsøk, som et uttrykk fo
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uke rusmidler på? I sin studie av
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på kroppen, men også indirekte vi
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eller som «ordinary, conventional
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håpløshet, lav selvfølelse eller
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isikofaktorer for selvmordsforsøk
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4 Homoseksualitet og homofil identi
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negative oppfatningen også kunne v
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tet ligger innbakt i minoritetspers
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I ungdoms forhold til seksualitet e
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Fra makrostrukturer til mikrokonsek
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«resilient youth» (Herdt & Boxer
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lesbiske (Remafedi et al. 1998) ell
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hyppigere i vennemiljøet for enkel
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kerer i større grad å bli avvist
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(Hillier et al. 1998, s. 53). To st
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5 Hovedsiktemål og problemstilling
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for young people categorised by hom
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6 Metodisk grunnlag og vurderinger
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problemer kan være underrepresente
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sammen om lag åtte timers lydbånd
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ikke fordi vi først og fremst øns
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Vurderinger av validitet og hensikt
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lesbian is reduced to a cold statis
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av dette er det likevel rimelig å
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eksempel kan det tenkes at enkelte
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dit hen at betydningen av disse erf
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lant guttene som blant jentene, men
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daglig røyking samt voldelig vikti
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i, og som var preget av kropps-, se
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problemer. I motsetning til denne t
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Å oppsøke eller utforske homoseks
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kvalitative undersøkelser. I Micha
Page 100 and 101: Betydningen av alder og ungdomstid
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Page 104 and 105: selv-identifiserte homofile og lesb
Page 106 and 107: ligge i at homoseksualitet mellom m
Page 108 and 109: 1995). Jenter som er oftere beruset
Page 110 and 111: som er (mer eller mindre) nødvendi
Page 112 and 113: artikkel II fant vi at det var fler
Page 114 and 115: Betydningen av å være i spennet m
Page 116 and 117: komme til å streve langt inn i vok
Page 118 and 119: Referanseliste Adam, B.D. (1998). T
Page 120 and 121: Coté, J.E., & Levine, C.G. (2002).
Page 122 and 123: Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and
Page 124 and 125: Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (199
Page 126 and 127: Pape, H., & Hammer, T. (1996a). How
Page 128 and 129: Rotheramborus, M.J., Rosario, M., M
Page 130 and 131: Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case S
Page 132 and 133: ARTIKKEL I: STRAIGHTENING OUT THE Q
Page 134 and 135: Straightening out the queer? Norweg
Page 136 and 137: Gender roles and heterosexuality in
Page 138 and 139: to young people’s own experiences
Page 140 and 141: and a sexual arousal dimension. The
Page 142 and 143: experiences only. This differed fro
Page 144 and 145: As expected, following the results
Page 146 and 147: essentialist identity theory presup
Page 148 and 149: as a parallel example: When Britney
Page 152 and 153: Edgardh, K., Lewin, B. and Nilsson,
Page 154 and 155: Tables Table 1: Prevalence of homos
Page 156 and 157: Figure 1: The relationship between
Page 158 and 159: ARTIKKEL II: WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO D
Page 160 and 161: What’s love got to do with it? Su
Page 162 and 163: Young people’s sexual orientation
Page 164 and 165: identity crisis, hopelessness and a
Page 166 and 167: Sample and Method Participants In 2
Page 168 and 169: and n=1989 for girls (70%). In this
Page 170 and 171: Substance use The cross tabulation
Page 172 and 173: Table 4 shows that for all three gr
Page 174 and 175: themselves as sexually attractive.
Page 176 and 177: the very few studies of bisexual yo
Page 178 and 179: Conclusion The results of this stud
Page 180 and 181: References Ministery for child and
Page 182 and 183: Kalichman, S. C., Tannenbaum, L., &
Page 184 and 185: Savin-Williams, R. C., & Cohen, K.
Page 186 and 187: Table 2: Substance use frequency an
Page 188 and 189: Figure 1. Group centroids plot from
Page 190 and 191: ARTIKKEL III: SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AMON
Page 192 and 193: Suicide Attempts in Gay, Lesbian an
Page 194 and 195: depression and anxiety, low self--e
Page 196 and 197: factors that may negatively influen
Page 198 and 199: identified gay, lesbian and bisexua
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y a question of alcohol intoxicatio
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were: hating oneself (40.0%), feeli
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The final model was tested on males
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studies based on US samples have fo
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pressure of articulating a sexual i
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years). To estimate whether the dif
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Hegna, K. (1996) Koss Har Me Det? U
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Table 1: List of general risk facto
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Table 3: Bivariate and multivariate
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ARTIKKEL IV: COMING OUT, COMING INT
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Coming out, coming into what? Ident
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precise self-understandings congrue
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case. Instead, it was selected on t
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interview Michael emphasised that h
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that he deliberately made contact w
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where Michael, a long time after he
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out with: They are the ‘old’, o
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do you know what? I get a start-up
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absence of specific sexual scripts
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cannot offer the social support tha
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References Butler, Judith (1991)
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Pedersen, Willy (2005) Nye seksuali
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APPENDIX: Wichstrøm, L., & Hegna,
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Appendix 245
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Appendix 247
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Appendix 249
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Appendix 251
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