A grammar and dictionary of the Malay language : with a preliminary ...

2S A GRAiArMAll OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Occasionally, the relative prououu may be rendered in English
by the word "some." Ada yfing d*ud"uk, ada ya-ug bard'iri;
some sat and some stood, but literally, there were who sat,
there were who stood.
Possessive Pronouns.—There is no distinct class of possessive
pronouns in Malay, their functions being performed by the pos-
sessive case of the personal pronouns, or perhaps, more correctly,
by affixing the personal pronouns inseparably, and usually in
their abbreviated forms, to the noun, when they may be con-
sidered, either as nouns or personal pronouns, in the genitive.
Thus tuwanku may be rendered, either lord of me, or my lord;
and Tirtaiia, the property of him, or of her, or his, or her property.
Demonstrative Pronouns.—The demonstrative pronouns are
ini, this; and itu, and sometimes nun, that. They commonly
follow the noun or pronoun, but may also be occasionally placed
before it, as, parfimpiian ini, or ini parampiian, this woman ;
laki itu or itu laki, that man. The demonstrative pronouns, espe-
cially itu, are much used, and often, where they would appear to
us, redundant. In some cases however, they seem to be equiva-
lent to our definite article, or to the Latin ille, turned into an
article as it was by all the northern nations that conquered
and occupied the southern provinces of the Roman Empire.
The following passage affords several examples :—Amba tarkajut
daripfida tidor amba itu ; lain bangun ; maka amba ingat akan
mimpi amba itu; make Timba suruh ambil sampan; maka amba
pun turunlah pada pulau Langkawi itu, dangan sagala anak prau
amba juga : /iata barapa sangat amba barlayar, dan bardayung,
maka sampailah fimba kapulau Lrmgkawi itu ; maka fvmba nayik
kaatas marchu pulaan itu. This freely rendered is simply. Your
servant started from his sleep, and remembering his dream,
ordered the boat with all his mariners to land on the island of
Langkawi ; after much sailing and rowing, your servant reached
the island, and ascended its highest pinnacle. But, literally it is.
Your servant started from the sleep of your servant, and arose
your servant remembered the dream of your servant, and your
servant ordered the boat with all his mariners, and landed on
the island Langkawi : after much sailing and rowing, your ser-
vant arrived at the island Langkawi, and your servant ascended
;