A grammar and dictionary of the Malay language : with a preliminary ...

XXIV DISSERTATION.
be affronted." A passive form is also given to the verb, as in
Malay, by the inseparable prefix ka, which belongs both to the
popular and ceremonial language; as from suduk or anuduk,
and gochok or aiigochok, " to stab," kasuduk and kagochuk,
" to be stabbed,"—the first belonging to the popular, and the
last to the ceremonial language ; from chidra, " a fraud or
cheat," kachidra, " to be defrauded or cheated ;
" from anarita,
itself derived from charita, " a narrative or tale," kacharita, " to
be told or narrated ;
" from pisah, pagat, and padot, " separate,"
kapisah, kapagat, and kapadot, " to be separated or divorced."
When, with the passive in ka, the radical begins with a vowel,
that of the particle is elided, and the initial of the radical
is always o. Thus the radicals obor and obong, "to burn,"
give kobor and kobong, "to be burnt;" and ujar and uchap,
" to say or speak," give kojar and kochap, " to be said or
spoken." The third method of forming a passive consists in
interposing, between the first letter of a radical and the rest
of the word, the nasal n, preceded by the vowel i, making the
syllable in. In this way are formed, for example, from charita,
" a tale or narrative," chinarita, " to be told or narrated ;
from pundut, " to take," pinundut,
;
" to be taken " from sapa,
;
" who," sinapa, " to be inquired after " from rayah or angrayah,
" to plunder," rinayah,
;
" to be plundered " from panggih, " to
find " or " to encounter," pinanggih, " to be found " or " to be
encountered." In all these forms of a passive, the sense is the
same ; and with the exception of that which belongs to the
ceremonial language, they may be used indifferently. None of
them require, as is frequently the case with the Malay passives,
a preposition. Thus, wong dipateni wong, is " a man killed by
a man ;
" wong wadon dipiigat bojone, is " a woman divorced
from her husband."
With the exception of the imperative, the Javanese moods
are represented by auxiliaries or conjunctions. A potential is
formed by the verbs oleh and kana for the ordinary language,
and kengiug, kantuk, pikantuk, and angsal for the ceremonial.
All these words signify "can" or "may." An optative is
formed by the adverb muga,—in the ceremonial dialect, mugi.
A conjunctive is formed by the conjunction if, which is lamun
"