A grammar and dictionary of the Malay language : with a preliminary ...

54 A GKAMMAK OF THE MALAY J.ANGIJAGJ-:.
clialiya orang bayik parfis, tatkala ij^a tarsanum. This, so
as to make sense of it is,—night came on, and the moon was
bright ; her beams entered the palace, like the expression of a
beautiful woman when she smiles ; but the words are all
radicals, and there is not a single auxiliary to mark time or mood.
The noun malam and the adjective trang, bright, are made
to serve the place of verbs. Yet with all this absence of concatenation,
tbe mere hints are sufficient, and the sense by no
means difficult to make out.
The Malay adverbs are, some of them, primitive words, as
sakarang, now; daulu, formerly; juga, likewise; sini, here, and
Sana and situ, there; tiyada, no; bukan, not at all ; balum, not yet;
but a great number, also, are compounded of other parts of speech.
In conformity with the versatile genius of the language, some are
merely other parts of speech of which the adverbial character is
only discovered by their position following the verb. Thus bayik,
good, becomes, well ; banak many, much ; baharu, new, newly
atas, above, aloft ; and bawah below, the adverb underneath.
Adverbs are, sometimes, formed by mere repetition of another part
of speech; thus, from gupuh, to be in haste, gupuh-gupuh, hastily,
hurriedly ; and from tiba, to fall, tiba-tiba, unawares, unexpectedly.
The compounded adverbs consist of two or more
other parts of speech. In this manner we have, from a
pronoun and a noun, apakala, bilamana, and manakala, when,
literally, at what time. With a preposition and a primitive
dverb are formed such words as kasini, hither, literally, to
here, and kasana or kasitu, thither, literally, to there. With
the abbreviated numeral sa, one, united to a noun or adjective,
we have a considerable number of adverbs, as from orang,
man or person, saorang, alone, literally, one man or person ;
from kali, time, sakali, once, literally, one time ; from sung-
guh, true, sasungguh, truly ; from banar, right, sabtiuiir,
rightly. To the adverbs thus formed with the numeral
sa, is often aflfixed the pronoun iia, without any percep-
tible change in the meaning, although in this case, there is
;