Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - Kootenay Local Agricultural Society

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Dirt
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution to this book provided by the General Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation.
Page 4 and 5: Dirt the erosion of civilizations D
Page 6: For Xena T. Dog, enthusiastic field
Page 10: acknowledgments This book could nev
Page 13 and 14: 2 Yet what is dirt? We try to keep
Page 15 and 16: 4 discovered ways to enhance soil f
Page 17 and 18: 6 quent centuries, nutrient depleti
Page 20 and 21: two Skin of the Earth We know more
Page 22 and 23: villa in Gloucestershire lay undete
Page 24 and 25: When we behold a wide, turf-covered
Page 26 and 27: Soil not only helps shape the land,
Page 28 and 29: ter and mineral soil. Billions of m
Page 30 and 31: Topography also affects the soil. T
Page 32 and 33: Wind can pick up and erode dry soil
Page 34 and 35: Combinations of soil horizons, thei
Page 36: much. This leaves the issue in a po
Page 39 and 40: 28 Ice Age was not a single event.
Page 41 and 42: 30 For much of the last century, th
Page 43 and 44: 32 Abu Hureyra sat on a low promont
Page 45 and 46: 34 wheat dating from 10,000 years a
Page 47 and 48: 36 Domesticated livestock not only
Page 49 and 50: 38 inated the southern Mesopotamian
Page 51 and 52: 40 of a high load of dissolved salt
Page 53 and 54:
42 direct water to particular place
Page 55 and 56:
44 by the color of dirt eroded from
Page 57 and 58:
46 out the region, he concluded tha
Page 60 and 61:
four Graveyard of Empires To Protec
Page 62 and 63:
the constitution, proposed a ban on
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 7. Parthenon. Albumen print
Page 66 and 67:
est soils from hillsides disturbed
Page 68 and 69:
Figure 8. Map of Roman Italy. follo
Page 70 and 71:
the Roman heartland became increasi
Page 72 and 73:
ically let a piece of ground lie fa
Page 74 and 75:
foot thick, it probably took at lea
Page 76 and 77:
into densely planted olive farms—
Page 78 and 79:
families a few centuries earlier. T
Page 80 and 81:
classic, supporting three editions
Page 82 and 83:
on the edge of the Arabian Desert a
Page 84 and 85:
When Moses and company arrived, Can
Page 86 and 87:
urned before the onset of the rains
Page 88 and 89:
sion in the Mayan of the Petén not
Page 90 and 91:
Archaeological records from this pe
Page 92:
The contrast between how the Pueblo
Page 95 and 96:
84 forest soils as it went, agricul
Page 97 and 98:
86 to a thousand years. Soil profil
Page 99 and 100:
88 land and birch forest. Following
Page 101 and 102:
90 Figure 10. Miniature from an ear
Page 103 and 104:
92 the early 1300s to about two mil
Page 105 and 106:
94 the Danes improved their sandy d
Page 107 and 108:
96 layers, ’till we arrive to the
Page 109 and 110:
98 recipe for degrading soil fertil
Page 111 and 112:
100 vived on vegetables, gruel, and
Page 113 and 114:
102 French Alps lost a third to mor
Page 115 and 116:
104 Despite such profiteering, by 1
Page 117 and 118:
106 from the smallest rill to the g
Page 119 and 120:
108 A potato blight that arrived fr
Page 121 and 122:
110 uries such as sugar, coffee, an
Page 123 and 124:
112 Subsequent foreign investment o
Page 126 and 127:
six Westward Hoe Since the achievem
Page 128 and 129:
A few miles in from the forest edge
Page 130 and 131:
wherein one man by his owne labour
Page 132 and 133:
Particularly in the South, the read
Page 134 and 135:
worn out, and washed and gullied, s
Page 136 and 137:
explained that American farmers had
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marle County Agricultural Society i
Page 140 and 141:
purchased a farm in the 1820s. A de
Page 142 and 143:
Figure 14. Charles Lyell’s illust
Page 144 and 145:
Traveling through much of the South
Page 146 and 147:
Tensions came to a head after the S
Page 148 and 149:
But this still doesn’t explain th
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 16. North Carolina gully sys
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more than three thousand years and
Page 154 and 155:
settlements for several thousand ye
Page 156 and 157:
seven Dust Blow One man cannot stop
Page 158 and 159:
land-hungry settlers. From 1878 to
Page 160 and 161:
without the least reference to the
Page 162 and 163:
Figure 18. Breaking new land with d
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 19. Dust storm approaching S
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taxes, and other unavoidable expens
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 21. Plowing a steep hillside
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tion of heavy machinery and agroche
Page 172 and 173:
Soil erosion rapidly became a major
Page 174 and 175:
egion. There are few reliable measu
Page 176 and 177:
ing with the Germans, Kalmyks were
Page 178 and 179:
grazing animals doubled; the human
Page 180 and 181:
years. Present rates of erosion, ho
Page 182 and 183:
land was being exhausted. Although
Page 184 and 185:
In 1958 the Department of Agricultu
Page 186 and 187:
eplacing water-holding capacity los
Page 188:
ing on access to fresh land or find
Page 191 and 192:
180 our way in that the backyard wo
Page 193 and 194:
182 Figure 23. Chinese farmers plow
Page 195 and 196:
184 less, he experimented with agri
Page 197 and 198:
186 Figure 24. Lithograph of mounta
Page 199 and 200:
188 fiscated the remaining lands th
Page 201 and 202:
190 Hilgard rightly dismissed the p
Page 203 and 204:
192 important was the mix of silt,
Page 205 and 206:
194 ping would exhaust the natural
Page 207 and 208:
196 atmospheric nitrogen. On July 2
Page 209 and 210:
198 increases in crop production.
Page 211 and 212:
200 Estimates for when petroleum pr
Page 213 and 214:
202 ground—turning our dirt into
Page 215 and 216:
204 greater tonnage of machinery pe
Page 217 and 218:
206 may prove our best hope for mai
Page 219 and 220:
208 tilizers, hosts the longest ong
Page 221 and 222:
210 soil fertility and exporting po
Page 223 and 224:
212 No-till farming is very effecti
Page 225 and 226:
214 It is no secret that if agricul
Page 227 and 228:
216 some consumed their future and
Page 229 and 230:
218 Pollen preserved in lake sedime
Page 231 and 232:
220 washed off the slopes now bury
Page 233 and 234:
222 ply. So topsoil loss retarded f
Page 235 and 236:
224 different fates. Tikopia develo
Page 237 and 238:
226 where vegetation stabilizes the
Page 239 and 240:
228 0 50 100 km inhabitants. Two ce
Page 241 and 242:
230 pushes peasants from hillside s
Page 243 and 244:
232 gardens grew up throughout the
Page 245 and 246:
234 Credible scientists also disagr
Page 247 and 248:
236 notice the problem. Like a dise
Page 249 and 250:
238 asters. Larger societies, with
Page 251 and 252:
240 before plants have all they can
Page 253 and 254:
242 faster than it is replaced dest
Page 255 and 256:
244 figuring the downstream end of
Page 257 and 258:
246 Meeting this challenge would al
Page 259 and 260:
248 10. Marsh 1864, 9, 42. 11. Lowd
Page 261 and 262:
250 6. USDA 1901, 31. 7. Whitney 19
Page 263 and 264:
252 Schwartzman, D. W., and T. Volk
Page 265 and 266:
254 Beach, T., S. Luzzadder-Beach,
Page 267 and 268:
256 and human response. In Environm
Page 269 and 270:
258 Lang, A. 2003. Phases of soil e
Page 271 and 272:
260 Cronon, W. 1983. Changes in the
Page 273 and 274:
262 Bennett, H. H., and W. R. Chapl
Page 275 and 276:
264 Saiko, T. A. 1995. Implications
Page 277 and 278:
266 Jackson, W. 2002. Farming in na
Page 279 and 280:
268 ———. 1925. Soil and Civil
Page 281 and 282:
270 and economic costs of soil eros
Page 283 and 284:
272 agricultural practices (continu
Page 285 and 286:
274 Columella, Lucius Junius Modera
Page 287 and 288:
276 farm subsidy programs: conventi
Page 289 and 290:
278 Joppa Town, Maryland, 140 Judso
Page 291 and 292:
280 nitrogen fertilization (continu
Page 293 and 294:
282 Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret),
Page 295 and 296:
284 technological innovation (conti
Page 297:
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Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - Kootenay Local Agricultural Society

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