Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - Kootenay Local Agricultural Society

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Surell, A. 1870. A Study of the Torrents in the Department of the Upper Alps. Trans. A. Gibney. Paris: Dunod. van de Westeringh, W. 1988. Man-made soils in the Netherlands, especially in sandy areas (“Plaggen soils”). In Man-Made Soils, ed. W. Groenman-van Waateringe and M. Robinson, 5–19. Symposia of the Association for Environmental Archaeology 6, BAR International Series 410. Oxford. Van Hooff, P. P. M., and P. D. Jungerius. 1984. Sediment source and storage in small watersheds of the Keuper marls in Luxembourg, as indicated by soil profile truncation and the deposition of colluvium. Catena 11:133–44. Van Vliet-Lanoë, B., M. Helluin, J. Pellerin, and B. Valadas. 1992. Soil erosion in Western Europe: From the last interglacial to the present. In Past and Present Soil Erosion: Archaeological and Geographical Perspectives, ed. M. Bell and J. Boardman, 101–14. Oxbow Monograph 22. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Whitney, M. 1925. Soil and Civilization: A Modern Concept of the Soil and the Historical Development of Agriculture. New York: D. Van Nostrand. Zangger, E. 1992. Prehistoric and historic soils in Greece: Assessing the natural resources for agriculture. In Agriculture in Ancient Greece, ed. B. Wells, 13–19. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 16–17 May, 1990. Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series In 4, 42. Stockholm. Zolitschka, B., K.-E. Behre, and J. Schneider. 2003. Human and climatic impact on the environment as derived from colluvial, fluvial and lacustrine archives—examples from the Bronze Age to the Migration period, Germany. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:81–100. 6. westward hoe Bagley, W. C., Jr. 1942. Soil Exhaustion and the Civil War. Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs. de Beaujour, L. A. F. 1814. Sketch of the United States of North America. Trans. W. Walton. London: J. Booth. Beer, G. L. 1908. Origins of the British Colonial System, 1578–1660. New York: Macmillan. Brissot de Warville, J.-P. 1794. New Travels in the United States of America, Performed in 1788. London: J. S. Jordan. Costa, J. E. 1975. Effects of agriculture on erosion and sedimentation in the Piedmont Province, Maryland. Geological Society of America Bulletin 86:1281–86. Craven, A. O. 1925. Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, 1606–1860. University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences 13, no. 1. Urbana: University of Illinois. Craven, J. H. 1833. Letter of John H. Craven. Farmer’s Register 1:150. bibliography 259
260 Cronon, W. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang. Eliot, J. 1934. Essays Upon Field Husbandry in New England and Other Papers, 1748–1762. Ed. H. J. Carman, R. G. Tugwell, and R. H. True. New York: Columbia University Press. Glenn, L. C. 1911. Denudation and Erosion in the Southern Appalachian Region and the Monongahela Basin. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 72. Washington, DC: GPO. Gottschalk, L. C. 1945. Effects of soil erosion on navigation in Upper Chesapeake Bay. Geographical Review 35:219–38. Hall, A.R. 1937. Early Erosion-Control Practices in Virginia. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 256. Washington, DC: GPO. Happ, S. C. 1945. Sedimentation in South Carolina Piedmont valleys. American Journal of Science 243:113–26. Hartmann, W. A., and H. H. Wooten. 1935. Georgia Land Use Problems. Bulletin 191, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. Hartwell, H., J. Blair, and E. Chilton. 1727. The Present State of Virginia, and the College. London: John Wyat. Hewatt, A. 1779. An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia. London: A. Donaldson. Jefferson, T. 1813. Letter to C. W. Peale, April 17, 1813. In Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, annot. E. M. Betts, 509. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944. ———. 1894. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Ed. P. L. Ford. Vol. 3. New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons. Letter from Alabama. 1833. Farmer’s Register 1:349. Lorain, J. 1825. Nature and Reason Harmonized in the Practice of Husbandry. Philadelphia: H. C. Carey and L. Lea. Lyell, C. 1849. A Second Visit to The United States of North America. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. M. N. 1834. On improvement of lands in the central regions of Virginia. Farmer’s Register 1:585–89. Mann, C. C. 2002. The real dirt on rainforest fertility. Science 297:920–23. McDonald, A. 1941. Early American Soil Conservationists. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 449. Washington, DC: GPO. Meade, R. H. 1982. Sources, sinks, and storage of river sediment in the Atlantic drainage of the United States. Journal of Geology 90:235–52. Overstreet, W. C., A.M. White, J. W. Whitlow, P. K. Theobald, D. W. Caldwell, and N. P. Cuppels. 1968. Fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 568. Washington, DC: GPO. bibliography
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Dirt
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Dirt the erosion of civilizations D
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For Xena T. Dog, enthusiastic field
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acknowledgments This book could nev
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2 Yet what is dirt? We try to keep
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4 discovered ways to enhance soil f
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6 quent centuries, nutrient depleti
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two Skin of the Earth We know more
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villa in Gloucestershire lay undete
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When we behold a wide, turf-covered
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Soil not only helps shape the land,
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ter and mineral soil. Billions of m
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Topography also affects the soil. T
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Wind can pick up and erode dry soil
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Combinations of soil horizons, thei
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much. This leaves the issue in a po
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28 Ice Age was not a single event.
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30 For much of the last century, th
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32 Abu Hureyra sat on a low promont
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34 wheat dating from 10,000 years a
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36 Domesticated livestock not only
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38 inated the southern Mesopotamian
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40 of a high load of dissolved salt
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42 direct water to particular place
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44 by the color of dirt eroded from
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46 out the region, he concluded tha
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four Graveyard of Empires To Protec
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the constitution, proposed a ban on
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Figure 7. Parthenon. Albumen print
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est soils from hillsides disturbed
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Figure 8. Map of Roman Italy. follo
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the Roman heartland became increasi
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ically let a piece of ground lie fa
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foot thick, it probably took at lea
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into densely planted olive farms—
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families a few centuries earlier. T
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classic, supporting three editions
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on the edge of the Arabian Desert a
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When Moses and company arrived, Can
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urned before the onset of the rains
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sion in the Mayan of the Petén not
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Archaeological records from this pe
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The contrast between how the Pueblo
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84 forest soils as it went, agricul
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86 to a thousand years. Soil profil
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88 land and birch forest. Following
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90 Figure 10. Miniature from an ear
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92 the early 1300s to about two mil
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94 the Danes improved their sandy d
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96 layers, ’till we arrive to the
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98 recipe for degrading soil fertil
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100 vived on vegetables, gruel, and
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102 French Alps lost a third to mor
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104 Despite such profiteering, by 1
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106 from the smallest rill to the g
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108 A potato blight that arrived fr
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110 uries such as sugar, coffee, an
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112 Subsequent foreign investment o
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six Westward Hoe Since the achievem
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A few miles in from the forest edge
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wherein one man by his owne labour
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Particularly in the South, the read
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worn out, and washed and gullied, s
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explained that American farmers had
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marle County Agricultural Society i
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purchased a farm in the 1820s. A de
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Figure 14. Charles Lyell’s illust
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Traveling through much of the South
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Tensions came to a head after the S
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But this still doesn’t explain th
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Figure 16. North Carolina gully sys
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more than three thousand years and
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settlements for several thousand ye
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seven Dust Blow One man cannot stop
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land-hungry settlers. From 1878 to
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without the least reference to the
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Figure 18. Breaking new land with d
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Figure 19. Dust storm approaching S
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taxes, and other unavoidable expens
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Figure 21. Plowing a steep hillside
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tion of heavy machinery and agroche
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Soil erosion rapidly became a major
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egion. There are few reliable measu
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ing with the Germans, Kalmyks were
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grazing animals doubled; the human
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years. Present rates of erosion, ho
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land was being exhausted. Although
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In 1958 the Department of Agricultu
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eplacing water-holding capacity los
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ing on access to fresh land or find
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180 our way in that the backyard wo
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182 Figure 23. Chinese farmers plow
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184 less, he experimented with agri
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186 Figure 24. Lithograph of mounta
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188 fiscated the remaining lands th
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190 Hilgard rightly dismissed the p
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192 important was the mix of silt,
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194 ping would exhaust the natural
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196 atmospheric nitrogen. On July 2
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198 increases in crop production.
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200 Estimates for when petroleum pr
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202 ground—turning our dirt into
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204 greater tonnage of machinery pe
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206 may prove our best hope for mai
Page 219 and 220: 208 tilizers, hosts the longest ong
Page 221 and 222: 210 soil fertility and exporting po
Page 223 and 224: 212 No-till farming is very effecti
Page 225 and 226: 214 It is no secret that if agricul
Page 227 and 228: 216 some consumed their future and
Page 229 and 230: 218 Pollen preserved in lake sedime
Page 231 and 232: 220 washed off the slopes now bury
Page 233 and 234: 222 ply. So topsoil loss retarded f
Page 235 and 236: 224 different fates. Tikopia develo
Page 237 and 238: 226 where vegetation stabilizes the
Page 239 and 240: 228 0 50 100 km inhabitants. Two ce
Page 241 and 242: 230 pushes peasants from hillside s
Page 243 and 244: 232 gardens grew up throughout the
Page 245 and 246: 234 Credible scientists also disagr
Page 247 and 248: 236 notice the problem. Like a dise
Page 249 and 250: 238 asters. Larger societies, with
Page 251 and 252: 240 before plants have all they can
Page 253 and 254: 242 faster than it is replaced dest
Page 255 and 256: 244 figuring the downstream end of
Page 257 and 258: 246 Meeting this challenge would al
Page 259 and 260: 248 10. Marsh 1864, 9, 42. 11. Lowd
Page 261 and 262: 250 6. USDA 1901, 31. 7. Whitney 19
Page 263 and 264: 252 Schwartzman, D. W., and T. Volk
Page 265 and 266: 254 Beach, T., S. Luzzadder-Beach,
Page 267 and 268: 256 and human response. In Environm
Page 269: 258 Lang, A. 2003. Phases of soil e
Page 273 and 274: 262 Bennett, H. H., and W. R. Chapl
Page 275 and 276: 264 Saiko, T. A. 1995. Implications
Page 277 and 278: 266 Jackson, W. 2002. Farming in na
Page 279 and 280: 268 ———. 1925. Soil and Civil
Page 281 and 282: 270 and economic costs of soil eros
Page 283 and 284: 272 agricultural practices (continu
Page 285 and 286: 274 Columella, Lucius Junius Modera
Page 287 and 288: 276 farm subsidy programs: conventi
Page 289 and 290: 278 Joppa Town, Maryland, 140 Judso
Page 291 and 292: 280 nitrogen fertilization (continu
Page 293 and 294: 282 Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret),
Page 295 and 296: 284 technological innovation (conti
Page 297: Text: 11.25/13.5 Garamond Display:
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