Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - Kootenay Local Agricultural Society

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contents acknowledgments ix 1 / good old dirt 1 2 / skin of the earth 9 3 / rivers of life 27 4 / graveyard of empires 49 5 / let them eat colonies 83 6 / westward hoe 115 7 / dust blow 145 8 / dirty business 179 9 / islands in time 217 10 / life span of civilizations 233 notes 247 bibliography 251 index 271
Page 2 and 3: Dirt
Page 4 and 5: Dirt the erosion of civilizations D
Page 6: For Xena T. Dog, enthusiastic field
Page 12 and 13: one Good Old Dirt What we do to the
Page 14 and 15: modity. Oil is what most of us thin
Page 16 and 17: the extreme where land can no longe
Page 18: Common sense and hindsight can prov
Page 21 and 22: 10 of his contemporaries thought hi
Page 23 and 24: 12 reworked the soil. Together, Eng
Page 25 and 26: 14 replaced through weathering of f
Page 27 and 28: 16 sumption of atmospheric carbon d
Page 29 and 30: 18 because it allows for free air c
Page 31 and 32: 20 Humans have not yet described al
Page 33 and 34: 22 Concentrated organic matter and
Page 35 and 36: 24 can as much as double erosion re
Page 38 and 39: three Rivers of Life Egypt is the g
Page 40 and 41: vitamin D needed to make healthy bo
Page 42 and 43: genetic analyses show that modern s
Page 44 and 45: BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Cairo N
Page 46 and 47: vesting crops. Once humanity starte
Page 48 and 49: Figure 4. Early Mesopotamian repres
Page 50 and 51: But the irrigation that nourished M
Page 52 and 53: Figure 5. Ancient Egyptian plow (Wh
Page 54 and 55: president Gamal Abdel Nasser and So
Page 56 and 57: ple civilizations. Years later, aft
Page 58:
crop failure. Throughout history, o
Page 61 and 62:
50 Although societies dating back t
Page 63 and 64:
52 N E P I R U S IONIAN SEA 0 150 k
Page 65 and 66:
54 Valley bottom sediments of the A
Page 67 and 68:
56 ancient dams, cisterns, and ruin
Page 69 and 70:
58 Republic was founded in 508 bc.
Page 71 and 72:
60 Falling slave and grain prices b
Page 73 and 74:
62 Some contemporary accounts suppo
Page 75 and 76:
64 directly in commerce, many wealt
Page 77 and 78:
66 spread erosion on slopes beyond
Page 79 and 80:
68 of the Nile fed Rome. Soil erosi
Page 81 and 82:
70 Figure 9. Ruins of the first cen
Page 83 and 84:
72 cut primarily for timber or farm
Page 85 and 86:
74 Mayan civilization provides the
Page 87 and 88:
76 had filled with soils eroded aft
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78 slope soils around 700 bc coinci
Page 91 and 92:
80 throughout the Southwest. Agricu
Page 94 and 95:
five Let Them Eat Colonies There is
Page 96 and 97:
As agriculture spread north and wes
Page 98 and 99:
agricultural land lies on valley-bo
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Italy’s soil faltered. Mussolini
Page 102 and 103:
ing land in pasture restored soil f
Page 104 and 105:
ecause the Church seldom relinquish
Page 106 and 107:
Soil husbandry began to be seen as
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 11. Title page to The Whole
Page 110 and 111:
the introduction of clover and othe
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 12. Mid-eighteenth-century a
Page 114 and 115:
While Surell fretted about how to r
Page 116 and 117:
Figure 13. French farmers loading s
Page 118 and 119:
food production and food demand as
Page 120 and 121:
meat. With most of the country’s
Page 122 and 123:
the fear of famine. The chairman’
Page 124:
ticed conventional and so-called su
Page 127 and 128:
116 eating into the ancient uplands
Page 129 and 130:
118 Historian Avery Craven saw colo
Page 131 and 132:
120 another £50,000 from Maryland
Page 133 and 134:
122 Essays on Field Husbandry, and
Page 135 and 136:
124 tobacco for wearing out the lan
Page 137 and 138:
126 Our country is hilly and we hav
Page 139 and 140:
128 Although it was known that a we
Page 141 and 142:
130 Seeing secession as the only op
Page 143 and 144:
132 mation implied a fundamental ch
Page 145 and 146:
134 There can be no doubt that the
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136 As is often the case, insight c
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138 ALABAMA > 10 inches 4-10 inches
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140 Maryland’s colonial ports of
Page 153 and 154:
142 Figure 17. Eroded land on tenan
Page 155 and 156:
144 villages in the jungle of north
Page 157 and 158:
146 Grazed by buffalo for at least
Page 159 and 160:
148 The late nineteenth-century adv
Page 161 and 162:
150 amount formed and that removed.
Page 163 and 164:
152 each person in the city. The ne
Page 165 and 166:
154 Figure 20. Buried machinery in
Page 167 and 168:
156 Bennett calculated that it took
Page 169 and 170:
158 conservation, crop diversificat
Page 171 and 172:
160 As crop yields increased two- t
Page 173 and 174:
162 Figure 22. Bare, rilled field i
Page 175 and 176:
164 With the ground left bare durin
Page 177 and 178:
166 than one hundred days in northe
Page 179 and 180:
168 Soil erosion rates from West Af
Page 181 and 182:
170 number political refugees, are
Page 183 and 184:
172 Enough American farms disappear
Page 185 and 186:
174 Designated the nation’s first
Page 187 and 188:
176 resource economists downplay th
Page 190 and 191:
eight Dirty Business A nation that
Page 192 and 193:
A phenomenally successful adaptatio
Page 194 and 195:
On a more optimistic note—as we p
Page 196 and 197:
alternative farming—even as the s
Page 198 and 199:
effect on crop yields. Widespread a
Page 200 and 201:
Seeking out virgin soils, Hilgard s
Page 202 and 203:
in sodium sulfate and sodium carbon
Page 204 and 205:
e the key elements of concern to ag
Page 206 and 207:
than half of America’s farmers ha
Page 208 and 209:
Ammonia plant construction began ag
Page 210 and 211:
tion. The number of hungry Chinese
Page 212 and 213:
experiments at Rothamsted from 1843
Page 214 and 215:
Howard’s methods in the tropics w
Page 216 and 217:
that portion now being farmed. ...T
Page 218 and 219:
pests, provide all its own nitrogen
Page 220 and 221:
soil. In contrast, the conventional
Page 222 and 223:
mulching, which can triple the mass
Page 224 and 225:
organic matter content of the top f
Page 226 and 227:
ended in 1995 when the company agre
Page 228 and 229:
nine Islands in Time When our soils
Page 230 and 231:
When asked how the great stone stat
Page 232 and 233:
I doubt the Easter Islanders had an
Page 234 and 235:
comparable populations at the time
Page 236 and 237:
irch forest that covered thousands
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 25. Professor Ulf Helldén s
Page 240 and 241:
Soil loss from the uplands in the r
Page 242 and 243:
Soviet collapse, Cuba began privati
Page 244 and 245:
ten Life Span of Civilizations Spea
Page 246 and 247:
enefits of soil conservation can be
Page 248 and 249:
thirty to seventy generations. Thro
Page 250 and 251:
lion people and 1.5 billion hectare
Page 252 and 253:
difference between good farming and
Page 254 and 255:
Emerging interest in supporting an
Page 256 and 257:
ottom line is that we have to adapt
Page 258 and 259:
1. Darwin 1881, 4. 2. Darwin 1881,
Page 260 and 261:
14. Washington 1803, 103-4. 15. Jef
Page 262 and 263:
ibliography 1. good old dirt Hooke,
Page 264 and 265:
Pringle, H. 1998. Neolithic agricul
Page 266 and 267:
Hughes, J. D. 1975. Ecology in Anci
Page 268 and 269:
Landforms and Landform Evolution in
Page 270 and 271:
Surell, A. 1870. A Study of the Tor
Page 272 and 273:
Pasternack, G. B., G. S. Brush, and
Page 274 and 275:
Lal, R. 1993. Soil erosion and cons
Page 276 and 277:
8. dirty business Appenzeller, T. 2
Page 278 and 279:
Pimentel, D., P. Hepperly, J. Hanso
Page 280 and 281:
Environmental Problems in Microcosm
Page 282 and 283:
abandonment of land: American agric
Page 284 and 285:
iodiversity, 206-7, 220, 244 Black
Page 286 and 287:
Saharan Africa, 165-68. See also de
Page 288 and 289:
guanine, 15 guano: commercial ferti
Page 290 and 291:
75, 76. See also sloping land, eros
Page 292 and 293:
and, 30, 34-35, 36-37, 42, 47; rela
Page 294 and 295:
192-95, 202, 205; prairie lands and
Page 296 and 297:
Soil Management, 192; estimates of
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