Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - Kootenay Local Agricultural Society

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Landforms and Landform Evolution in West Germany, ed. F. Ahnert, 121–31. Catena Suppl. no. 15. Brown, J. C. 1876. Reboisement in France: Or, Records of the Replanting of the Alps, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees with Trees, Herbage, and Brush, with a View to Arresting and Preventing the Destructive Effects of Torrents. London: Henry S. King. Clark, G. 1991. Yields per acre in English agriculture, 1250–1860: evidence from labour inputs, Economic History Review 44:445–60. ———. 1992. The economics of exhaustion, the Postan Thesis, and the Agricultural Revolution. Journal of Economic History 52:61–84. Cohen, J. E. 1995. How Many People Can the Earth Support? New York: W. W. Norton. De Castro, J. 1952. The Geography of Hunger. Boston: Little, Brown. Dearing, J. A., K. Alström, A. Bergman, J. Regnell, and P. Sandgren. 1990. Recent and long-term records of soil erosion from southern Sweden. In Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land, ed. J. Boardman, I. D. L. Foster, and J. A. Dearing, 173–91. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Dearing, J. A., H. Håkansson, B. Liedberg-Jönsson, A. Persson, S. Skansjö, D. Widholm, and F. El-Daoushy. 1987. Lake sediments used to quantify the erosional response to land use change in southern Sweden. Oikos 50:60–78. Dennell, R. 1978. Early farming in South Bulgaria from the VI to the III Millennia B.C. BAR International Series (Supplementary) 45. Oxford. Edwards, K. J., and K. M. Rowntree. 1980. Radiocarbon and palaeoenvironmental evidence for changing rates of erosion at a Flandrian stage site in Scotland. In Timescales in Geomorphology, ed. R. A. Cullingford, D. A. Davidson, and J. Lewin, 207–23. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Evans, R. 1990. Soil erosion: Its impact on the English and Welsh landscape since woodland clearance. In Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land, 231–54. Evelyn, J. 1679. Terra, a Philosophical Essay of Earth. London: Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the Royal Society. Godwin, W. 1793. An Enquiry concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness. Vol. 2. London: Robinson. Hutton, J. 1795. Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustrations. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: William Creech. Hyams, E. 1952. Soil and Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson. Judson, S. 1968. Erosion of the land, or what’s happening to our continents? American Scientist 56:356–74. Kalis, A. J., J. Merkt, and J. Wunderlich. 2003. Environmental changes during the Holocene climatic optimum in central Europe—human impact and natural causes. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:33–79. Lane, C. 1980. The development of pastures and meadows during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Agricultural Review 28:18–30. bibliography 257
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Dirt
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Dirt the erosion of civilizations D
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For Xena T. Dog, enthusiastic field
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acknowledgments This book could nev
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2 Yet what is dirt? We try to keep
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4 discovered ways to enhance soil f
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6 quent centuries, nutrient depleti
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two Skin of the Earth We know more
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villa in Gloucestershire lay undete
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When we behold a wide, turf-covered
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Soil not only helps shape the land,
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ter and mineral soil. Billions of m
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Topography also affects the soil. T
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Wind can pick up and erode dry soil
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Combinations of soil horizons, thei
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much. This leaves the issue in a po
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28 Ice Age was not a single event.
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30 For much of the last century, th
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32 Abu Hureyra sat on a low promont
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34 wheat dating from 10,000 years a
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36 Domesticated livestock not only
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38 inated the southern Mesopotamian
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40 of a high load of dissolved salt
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42 direct water to particular place
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44 by the color of dirt eroded from
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46 out the region, he concluded tha
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four Graveyard of Empires To Protec
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the constitution, proposed a ban on
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Figure 7. Parthenon. Albumen print
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est soils from hillsides disturbed
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Figure 8. Map of Roman Italy. follo
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the Roman heartland became increasi
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ically let a piece of ground lie fa
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foot thick, it probably took at lea
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into densely planted olive farms—
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families a few centuries earlier. T
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classic, supporting three editions
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on the edge of the Arabian Desert a
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When Moses and company arrived, Can
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urned before the onset of the rains
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sion in the Mayan of the Petén not
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Archaeological records from this pe
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The contrast between how the Pueblo
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84 forest soils as it went, agricul
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86 to a thousand years. Soil profil
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88 land and birch forest. Following
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90 Figure 10. Miniature from an ear
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92 the early 1300s to about two mil
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94 the Danes improved their sandy d
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96 layers, ’till we arrive to the
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98 recipe for degrading soil fertil
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100 vived on vegetables, gruel, and
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102 French Alps lost a third to mor
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104 Despite such profiteering, by 1
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106 from the smallest rill to the g
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108 A potato blight that arrived fr
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110 uries such as sugar, coffee, an
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112 Subsequent foreign investment o
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six Westward Hoe Since the achievem
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A few miles in from the forest edge
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wherein one man by his owne labour
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Particularly in the South, the read
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worn out, and washed and gullied, s
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explained that American farmers had
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marle County Agricultural Society i
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purchased a farm in the 1820s. A de
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Figure 14. Charles Lyell’s illust
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Traveling through much of the South
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Tensions came to a head after the S
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But this still doesn’t explain th
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Figure 16. North Carolina gully sys
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more than three thousand years and
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settlements for several thousand ye
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seven Dust Blow One man cannot stop
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land-hungry settlers. From 1878 to
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without the least reference to the
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Figure 18. Breaking new land with d
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Figure 19. Dust storm approaching S
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taxes, and other unavoidable expens
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Figure 21. Plowing a steep hillside
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tion of heavy machinery and agroche
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Soil erosion rapidly became a major
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egion. There are few reliable measu
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ing with the Germans, Kalmyks were
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grazing animals doubled; the human
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years. Present rates of erosion, ho
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land was being exhausted. Although
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In 1958 the Department of Agricultu
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eplacing water-holding capacity los
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ing on access to fresh land or find
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180 our way in that the backyard wo
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182 Figure 23. Chinese farmers plow
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184 less, he experimented with agri
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186 Figure 24. Lithograph of mounta
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188 fiscated the remaining lands th
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190 Hilgard rightly dismissed the p
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192 important was the mix of silt,
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194 ping would exhaust the natural
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196 atmospheric nitrogen. On July 2
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198 increases in crop production.
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200 Estimates for when petroleum pr
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202 ground—turning our dirt into
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204 greater tonnage of machinery pe
Page 217 and 218: 206 may prove our best hope for mai
Page 219 and 220: 208 tilizers, hosts the longest ong
Page 221 and 222: 210 soil fertility and exporting po
Page 223 and 224: 212 No-till farming is very effecti
Page 225 and 226: 214 It is no secret that if agricul
Page 227 and 228: 216 some consumed their future and
Page 229 and 230: 218 Pollen preserved in lake sedime
Page 231 and 232: 220 washed off the slopes now bury
Page 233 and 234: 222 ply. So topsoil loss retarded f
Page 235 and 236: 224 different fates. Tikopia develo
Page 237 and 238: 226 where vegetation stabilizes the
Page 239 and 240: 228 0 50 100 km inhabitants. Two ce
Page 241 and 242: 230 pushes peasants from hillside s
Page 243 and 244: 232 gardens grew up throughout the
Page 245 and 246: 234 Credible scientists also disagr
Page 247 and 248: 236 notice the problem. Like a dise
Page 249 and 250: 238 asters. Larger societies, with
Page 251 and 252: 240 before plants have all they can
Page 253 and 254: 242 faster than it is replaced dest
Page 255 and 256: 244 figuring the downstream end of
Page 257 and 258: 246 Meeting this challenge would al
Page 259 and 260: 248 10. Marsh 1864, 9, 42. 11. Lowd
Page 261 and 262: 250 6. USDA 1901, 31. 7. Whitney 19
Page 263 and 264: 252 Schwartzman, D. W., and T. Volk
Page 265 and 266: 254 Beach, T., S. Luzzadder-Beach,
Page 267: 256 and human response. In Environm
Page 271 and 272: 260 Cronon, W. 1983. Changes in the
Page 273 and 274: 262 Bennett, H. H., and W. R. Chapl
Page 275 and 276: 264 Saiko, T. A. 1995. Implications
Page 277 and 278: 266 Jackson, W. 2002. Farming in na
Page 279 and 280: 268 ———. 1925. Soil and Civil
Page 281 and 282: 270 and economic costs of soil eros
Page 283 and 284: 272 agricultural practices (continu
Page 285 and 286: 274 Columella, Lucius Junius Modera
Page 287 and 288: 276 farm subsidy programs: conventi
Page 289 and 290: 278 Joppa Town, Maryland, 140 Judso
Page 291 and 292: 280 nitrogen fertilization (continu
Page 293 and 294: 282 Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret),
Page 295 and 296: 284 technological innovation (conti
Page 297: Text: 11.25/13.5 Garamond Display:
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