Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - Kootenay Local Agricultural Society

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ibliography 1. good old dirt Hooke, R. LeB. 1994. On the efficacy of humans as geomorphic agents. GSA Today 4:217, 224–25. ———. 2000. On the history of humans as geomorphic agents. Geology 28:843–46. 2. skin of the earth Darwin, C. 1881. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms, With Observations on Their Habits. London: John Murray. Davidson, D. A. 2002. Bioturbation in old arable soils: Quantitative evidence from soil micromorphology. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:1247–53. Gilbert, G. K. 1877. Geology of the Henry Mountains. U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mitchell, J. K., and G. D. Bubenzer. 1980. Soil loss estimation. In Soil Erosion, ed. M. J. Kirkby and R. P. C. Morgan, 17–62. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Retallack, G. J. 1986. The fossil record of soils. In Paleosols: Their Recognition and Interpretation, ed. V. P. Wright, 1–57. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 251
252 Schwartzman, D. W., and T. Volk. 1989. Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth. Nature 340:457–60. Torn, M. S., S. E. Trumbore, O. A. Chadwick, P. M. Viktousek, and D. M. Hendricks. 1997. Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover. Nature 389:170–73. Wolfe, B. E., and J. N. Kilronomos. 2005. Breaking new ground: Soil communities and exotic plant invasion. BioScience 55:477–87. 3. rivers of life Butzer, K. W. 1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Haub, C. 1995. How many people have ever lived on Earth? Population Today, February. Helms, D. 1984. Walter Lowdermilk’s journey: Forester to land conservationist. Environmental Review 8:132–45. Henry, D. O. 1989. From Foraging to Agriculture: The Levant at the End of the Ice Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Hillel, D. 1991. Out of the Earth: Civilization and the Life of the Soil. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hillman, G., R. Hedges, A. Moore, S. Colledge, and P. Pettit. 2001. New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates. Holocene 11:383–93. Köhler-Rollefson, I., and G. O. Rollefson. 1990. The impact of Neolithic subsistence strategies on the environment: The case of Ain Ghazal, Jordan. In Man’s Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape, ed. S. Bottema, G. Entjes-Nieborg, and W. Van Zeist, 3–14. Rotterdam: Balkema. Lowdermilk, W. C. 1926. Forest destruction and slope denudation in the province of Shansi. China Journal of Science & Arts 4:127–35. Mallory, W. H. 1926. China: Land of Famine. Special Publication 6. New York: American Geographical Society. Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432:461–65. Milliman, J. D., Q. Yun-Shan, R. Mei-E, and Y. Saito. 1987. Man’s influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: The Yellow River (Huanghe) example. Journal of Geology 95:751–62. Moore, A. M. T., and G. C. Hillman. 1992. The Pleistocene to Holocene transition and human economy in Southwest Asia: The impact of the Younger Dryas. American Antiquity 57:482–94. Ponting, C. 1993. A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York: Penguin Books. bibliography
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Dirt
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Dirt the erosion of civilizations D
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For Xena T. Dog, enthusiastic field
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acknowledgments This book could nev
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2 Yet what is dirt? We try to keep
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4 discovered ways to enhance soil f
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6 quent centuries, nutrient depleti
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two Skin of the Earth We know more
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villa in Gloucestershire lay undete
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When we behold a wide, turf-covered
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Soil not only helps shape the land,
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ter and mineral soil. Billions of m
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Topography also affects the soil. T
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Wind can pick up and erode dry soil
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Combinations of soil horizons, thei
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much. This leaves the issue in a po
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28 Ice Age was not a single event.
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30 For much of the last century, th
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32 Abu Hureyra sat on a low promont
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34 wheat dating from 10,000 years a
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36 Domesticated livestock not only
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38 inated the southern Mesopotamian
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40 of a high load of dissolved salt
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42 direct water to particular place
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44 by the color of dirt eroded from
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46 out the region, he concluded tha
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four Graveyard of Empires To Protec
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the constitution, proposed a ban on
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Figure 7. Parthenon. Albumen print
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est soils from hillsides disturbed
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Figure 8. Map of Roman Italy. follo
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the Roman heartland became increasi
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ically let a piece of ground lie fa
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foot thick, it probably took at lea
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into densely planted olive farms—
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families a few centuries earlier. T
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classic, supporting three editions
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on the edge of the Arabian Desert a
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When Moses and company arrived, Can
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urned before the onset of the rains
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sion in the Mayan of the Petén not
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Archaeological records from this pe
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The contrast between how the Pueblo
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84 forest soils as it went, agricul
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86 to a thousand years. Soil profil
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88 land and birch forest. Following
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90 Figure 10. Miniature from an ear
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92 the early 1300s to about two mil
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94 the Danes improved their sandy d
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96 layers, ’till we arrive to the
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98 recipe for degrading soil fertil
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100 vived on vegetables, gruel, and
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102 French Alps lost a third to mor
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104 Despite such profiteering, by 1
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106 from the smallest rill to the g
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108 A potato blight that arrived fr
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110 uries such as sugar, coffee, an
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112 Subsequent foreign investment o
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six Westward Hoe Since the achievem
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A few miles in from the forest edge
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wherein one man by his owne labour
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Particularly in the South, the read
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worn out, and washed and gullied, s
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explained that American farmers had
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marle County Agricultural Society i
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purchased a farm in the 1820s. A de
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Figure 14. Charles Lyell’s illust
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Traveling through much of the South
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Tensions came to a head after the S
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But this still doesn’t explain th
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Figure 16. North Carolina gully sys
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more than three thousand years and
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settlements for several thousand ye
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seven Dust Blow One man cannot stop
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land-hungry settlers. From 1878 to
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without the least reference to the
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Figure 18. Breaking new land with d
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Figure 19. Dust storm approaching S
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taxes, and other unavoidable expens
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Figure 21. Plowing a steep hillside
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tion of heavy machinery and agroche
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Soil erosion rapidly became a major
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egion. There are few reliable measu
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ing with the Germans, Kalmyks were
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grazing animals doubled; the human
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years. Present rates of erosion, ho
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land was being exhausted. Although
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In 1958 the Department of Agricultu
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eplacing water-holding capacity los
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ing on access to fresh land or find
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180 our way in that the backyard wo
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182 Figure 23. Chinese farmers plow
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184 less, he experimented with agri
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186 Figure 24. Lithograph of mounta
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188 fiscated the remaining lands th
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190 Hilgard rightly dismissed the p
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192 important was the mix of silt,
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194 ping would exhaust the natural
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196 atmospheric nitrogen. On July 2
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198 increases in crop production.
Page 211 and 212: 200 Estimates for when petroleum pr
Page 213 and 214: 202 ground—turning our dirt into
Page 215 and 216: 204 greater tonnage of machinery pe
Page 217 and 218: 206 may prove our best hope for mai
Page 219 and 220: 208 tilizers, hosts the longest ong
Page 221 and 222: 210 soil fertility and exporting po
Page 223 and 224: 212 No-till farming is very effecti
Page 225 and 226: 214 It is no secret that if agricul
Page 227 and 228: 216 some consumed their future and
Page 229 and 230: 218 Pollen preserved in lake sedime
Page 231 and 232: 220 washed off the slopes now bury
Page 233 and 234: 222 ply. So topsoil loss retarded f
Page 235 and 236: 224 different fates. Tikopia develo
Page 237 and 238: 226 where vegetation stabilizes the
Page 239 and 240: 228 0 50 100 km inhabitants. Two ce
Page 241 and 242: 230 pushes peasants from hillside s
Page 243 and 244: 232 gardens grew up throughout the
Page 245 and 246: 234 Credible scientists also disagr
Page 247 and 248: 236 notice the problem. Like a dise
Page 249 and 250: 238 asters. Larger societies, with
Page 251 and 252: 240 before plants have all they can
Page 253 and 254: 242 faster than it is replaced dest
Page 255 and 256: 244 figuring the downstream end of
Page 257 and 258: 246 Meeting this challenge would al
Page 259 and 260: 248 10. Marsh 1864, 9, 42. 11. Lowd
Page 261: 250 6. USDA 1901, 31. 7. Whitney 19
Page 265 and 266: 254 Beach, T., S. Luzzadder-Beach,
Page 267 and 268: 256 and human response. In Environm
Page 269 and 270: 258 Lang, A. 2003. Phases of soil e
Page 271 and 272: 260 Cronon, W. 1983. Changes in the
Page 273 and 274: 262 Bennett, H. H., and W. R. Chapl
Page 275 and 276: 264 Saiko, T. A. 1995. Implications
Page 277 and 278: 266 Jackson, W. 2002. Farming in na
Page 279 and 280: 268 ———. 1925. Soil and Civil
Page 281 and 282: 270 and economic costs of soil eros
Page 283 and 284: 272 agricultural practices (continu
Page 285 and 286: 274 Columella, Lucius Junius Modera
Page 287 and 288: 276 farm subsidy programs: conventi
Page 289 and 290: 278 Joppa Town, Maryland, 140 Judso
Page 291 and 292: 280 nitrogen fertilization (continu
Page 293 and 294: 282 Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret),
Page 295 and 296: 284 technological innovation (conti
Page 297: Text: 11.25/13.5 Garamond Display:
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