- Page 2 and 3: Dirt
- Page 4 and 5: Dirt the erosion of civilizations D
- Page 8: contents acknowledgments ix 1 / goo
- Page 12 and 13: one Good Old Dirt What we do to the
- Page 14 and 15: modity. Oil is what most of us thin
- Page 16 and 17: the extreme where land can no longe
- Page 18: Common sense and hindsight can prov
- Page 21 and 22: 10 of his contemporaries thought hi
- Page 23 and 24: 12 reworked the soil. Together, Eng
- Page 25 and 26: 14 replaced through weathering of f
- Page 27 and 28: 16 sumption of atmospheric carbon d
- Page 29 and 30: 18 because it allows for free air c
- Page 31 and 32: 20 Humans have not yet described al
- Page 33 and 34: 22 Concentrated organic matter and
- Page 35 and 36: 24 can as much as double erosion re
- Page 38 and 39: three Rivers of Life Egypt is the g
- Page 40 and 41: vitamin D needed to make healthy bo
- Page 42 and 43: genetic analyses show that modern s
- Page 44 and 45: BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Cairo N
- Page 46 and 47: vesting crops. Once humanity starte
- Page 48 and 49: Figure 4. Early Mesopotamian repres
- Page 50 and 51: But the irrigation that nourished M
- Page 52 and 53: Figure 5. Ancient Egyptian plow (Wh
- Page 54 and 55: president Gamal Abdel Nasser and So
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ple civilizations. Years later, aft
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crop failure. Throughout history, o
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50 Although societies dating back t
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52 N E P I R U S IONIAN SEA 0 150 k
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54 Valley bottom sediments of the A
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56 ancient dams, cisterns, and ruin
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58 Republic was founded in 508 bc.
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60 Falling slave and grain prices b
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62 Some contemporary accounts suppo
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64 directly in commerce, many wealt
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66 spread erosion on slopes beyond
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68 of the Nile fed Rome. Soil erosi
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70 Figure 9. Ruins of the first cen
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72 cut primarily for timber or farm
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74 Mayan civilization provides the
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76 had filled with soils eroded aft
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78 slope soils around 700 bc coinci
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80 throughout the Southwest. Agricu
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five Let Them Eat Colonies There is
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As agriculture spread north and wes
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agricultural land lies on valley-bo
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Italy’s soil faltered. Mussolini
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ing land in pasture restored soil f
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ecause the Church seldom relinquish
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Soil husbandry began to be seen as
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Figure 11. Title page to The Whole
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the introduction of clover and othe
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Figure 12. Mid-eighteenth-century a
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While Surell fretted about how to r
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Figure 13. French farmers loading s
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food production and food demand as
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meat. With most of the country’s
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the fear of famine. The chairman’
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ticed conventional and so-called su
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116 eating into the ancient uplands
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118 Historian Avery Craven saw colo
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120 another £50,000 from Maryland
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122 Essays on Field Husbandry, and
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124 tobacco for wearing out the lan
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126 Our country is hilly and we hav
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128 Although it was known that a we
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130 Seeing secession as the only op
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132 mation implied a fundamental ch
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134 There can be no doubt that the
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136 As is often the case, insight c
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138 ALABAMA > 10 inches 4-10 inches
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140 Maryland’s colonial ports of
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142 Figure 17. Eroded land on tenan
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144 villages in the jungle of north
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146 Grazed by buffalo for at least
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148 The late nineteenth-century adv
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150 amount formed and that removed.
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152 each person in the city. The ne
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154 Figure 20. Buried machinery in
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156 Bennett calculated that it took
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158 conservation, crop diversificat
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160 As crop yields increased two- t
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162 Figure 22. Bare, rilled field i
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164 With the ground left bare durin
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166 than one hundred days in northe
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168 Soil erosion rates from West Af
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170 number political refugees, are
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172 Enough American farms disappear
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174 Designated the nation’s first
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176 resource economists downplay th
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eight Dirty Business A nation that
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A phenomenally successful adaptatio
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On a more optimistic note—as we p
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alternative farming—even as the s
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effect on crop yields. Widespread a
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Seeking out virgin soils, Hilgard s
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in sodium sulfate and sodium carbon
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e the key elements of concern to ag
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than half of America’s farmers ha
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Ammonia plant construction began ag
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tion. The number of hungry Chinese
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experiments at Rothamsted from 1843
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Howard’s methods in the tropics w
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that portion now being farmed. ...T
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pests, provide all its own nitrogen
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soil. In contrast, the conventional
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mulching, which can triple the mass
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organic matter content of the top f
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ended in 1995 when the company agre
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nine Islands in Time When our soils
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When asked how the great stone stat
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I doubt the Easter Islanders had an
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comparable populations at the time
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irch forest that covered thousands
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Figure 25. Professor Ulf Helldén s
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Soil loss from the uplands in the r
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Soviet collapse, Cuba began privati
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ten Life Span of Civilizations Spea
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enefits of soil conservation can be
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thirty to seventy generations. Thro
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lion people and 1.5 billion hectare
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difference between good farming and
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Emerging interest in supporting an
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ottom line is that we have to adapt
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1. Darwin 1881, 4. 2. Darwin 1881,
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14. Washington 1803, 103-4. 15. Jef
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ibliography 1. good old dirt Hooke,
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Pringle, H. 1998. Neolithic agricul
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Hughes, J. D. 1975. Ecology in Anci
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Landforms and Landform Evolution in
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Surell, A. 1870. A Study of the Tor
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Pasternack, G. B., G. S. Brush, and
- Page 274 and 275:
Lal, R. 1993. Soil erosion and cons
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8. dirty business Appenzeller, T. 2
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Pimentel, D., P. Hepperly, J. Hanso
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Environmental Problems in Microcosm
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abandonment of land: American agric
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iodiversity, 206-7, 220, 244 Black
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Saharan Africa, 165-68. See also de
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guanine, 15 guano: commercial ferti
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75, 76. See also sloping land, eros
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and, 30, 34-35, 36-37, 42, 47; rela
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192-95, 202, 205; prairie lands and
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Soil Management, 192; estimates of