Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - Kootenay Local Agricultural Society

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Pimentel, D., P. Hepperly, J. Hanson, D. Douds, and R. Seidel. 2005. Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. BioScience 55:573–82. Reganold, J. 1989. Farming’s organic future. New Scientist 122:49–52. Reganold, J. P., L. F. Elliott, and Y. L. Unger. 1987. Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming on soil erosion. Nature 330:370–72. Reganold, J. P., J. D. Glover, P. K. Andrews, and H. R. Hinman. 2001. Sustainability of three apple production systems. Nature 410:926–30. Reganold, J. P., A. S. Palmer, J. C. Lockhart, and A. N. Macgregor. 1993. Soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New Zealand. Science 260:344–49. Rosset, P., J. Collins, and F. M. Lappe. 2000. Lessons from the Green Revolution. Tikkun Magazine 15 (2): 52–56. Ruffin, E. 1832. An Essay on Calcareous Manures. Ed. J. C. Sitterson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1961. Smil, V. 2001. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Stuiver, M. 1978. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes: Reduction in terrestrial carbon reservoirs since 1850 has resulted in atmospheric carbon dioxide increases. Science 199:253–58. Tanner, C. B., and R. W. Simonson. 1993. Franklin Hiram King—pioneer scientist. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57:286–92. Taylor, R. H. 1930. Commercial fertilizers in South Carolina. South Atlantic Quarterly 29:179–89. Tiessen, H., E. Cuevas, and P. Chacon. 1994. The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility. Nature 371:783–85. Truman, C. C., D. W. Reeves, J. N. Shaw, A. C. Motta, C. H. Burmester, R. L. Raper, and E. B. Schwab. 2003. Tillage impacts on soil property, runoff, and soil loss variations from a Rhodic Paleudult under simulated rainfall. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58:258–67. Ursic, S. J., and F. E. Dendy. 1965. Sediment yields from small watersheds under various land uses and forest covers. Proceedings of the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 1963, 47–52. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 970. Washington, DC: GPO. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1901. Exhaustion and Abandonment of Soils: Testimony of Milton Whitney, Chief of Division of Soils, Before The Industrial Commission. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Report 70. Washington, DC: GPO. Van Hise, C. R. 1916. The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States. New York: Macmillan. Whitney, M. 1909. Soils of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils Bulletin 55. Washington, DC: GPO. bibliography 267
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Dirt
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Dirt the erosion of civilizations D
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For Xena T. Dog, enthusiastic field
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acknowledgments This book could nev
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2 Yet what is dirt? We try to keep
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4 discovered ways to enhance soil f
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6 quent centuries, nutrient depleti
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two Skin of the Earth We know more
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villa in Gloucestershire lay undete
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When we behold a wide, turf-covered
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Soil not only helps shape the land,
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ter and mineral soil. Billions of m
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Topography also affects the soil. T
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Wind can pick up and erode dry soil
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Combinations of soil horizons, thei
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much. This leaves the issue in a po
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28 Ice Age was not a single event.
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30 For much of the last century, th
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32 Abu Hureyra sat on a low promont
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34 wheat dating from 10,000 years a
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36 Domesticated livestock not only
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38 inated the southern Mesopotamian
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40 of a high load of dissolved salt
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42 direct water to particular place
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44 by the color of dirt eroded from
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46 out the region, he concluded tha
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four Graveyard of Empires To Protec
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the constitution, proposed a ban on
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Figure 7. Parthenon. Albumen print
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est soils from hillsides disturbed
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Figure 8. Map of Roman Italy. follo
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the Roman heartland became increasi
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ically let a piece of ground lie fa
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foot thick, it probably took at lea
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into densely planted olive farms—
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families a few centuries earlier. T
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classic, supporting three editions
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on the edge of the Arabian Desert a
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When Moses and company arrived, Can
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urned before the onset of the rains
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sion in the Mayan of the Petén not
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Archaeological records from this pe
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The contrast between how the Pueblo
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84 forest soils as it went, agricul
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86 to a thousand years. Soil profil
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88 land and birch forest. Following
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90 Figure 10. Miniature from an ear
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92 the early 1300s to about two mil
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94 the Danes improved their sandy d
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96 layers, ’till we arrive to the
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98 recipe for degrading soil fertil
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100 vived on vegetables, gruel, and
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102 French Alps lost a third to mor
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104 Despite such profiteering, by 1
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106 from the smallest rill to the g
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108 A potato blight that arrived fr
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110 uries such as sugar, coffee, an
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112 Subsequent foreign investment o
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six Westward Hoe Since the achievem
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A few miles in from the forest edge
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wherein one man by his owne labour
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Particularly in the South, the read
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worn out, and washed and gullied, s
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explained that American farmers had
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marle County Agricultural Society i
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purchased a farm in the 1820s. A de
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Figure 14. Charles Lyell’s illust
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Traveling through much of the South
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Tensions came to a head after the S
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But this still doesn’t explain th
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Figure 16. North Carolina gully sys
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more than three thousand years and
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settlements for several thousand ye
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seven Dust Blow One man cannot stop
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land-hungry settlers. From 1878 to
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without the least reference to the
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Figure 18. Breaking new land with d
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Figure 19. Dust storm approaching S
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taxes, and other unavoidable expens
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Figure 21. Plowing a steep hillside
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tion of heavy machinery and agroche
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Soil erosion rapidly became a major
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egion. There are few reliable measu
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ing with the Germans, Kalmyks were
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grazing animals doubled; the human
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years. Present rates of erosion, ho
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land was being exhausted. Although
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In 1958 the Department of Agricultu
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eplacing water-holding capacity los
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ing on access to fresh land or find
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180 our way in that the backyard wo
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182 Figure 23. Chinese farmers plow
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184 less, he experimented with agri
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186 Figure 24. Lithograph of mounta
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188 fiscated the remaining lands th
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190 Hilgard rightly dismissed the p
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192 important was the mix of silt,
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194 ping would exhaust the natural
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196 atmospheric nitrogen. On July 2
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198 increases in crop production.
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200 Estimates for when petroleum pr
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202 ground—turning our dirt into
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204 greater tonnage of machinery pe
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206 may prove our best hope for mai
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208 tilizers, hosts the longest ong
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210 soil fertility and exporting po
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212 No-till farming is very effecti
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214 It is no secret that if agricul
Page 227 and 228: 216 some consumed their future and
Page 229 and 230: 218 Pollen preserved in lake sedime
Page 231 and 232: 220 washed off the slopes now bury
Page 233 and 234: 222 ply. So topsoil loss retarded f
Page 235 and 236: 224 different fates. Tikopia develo
Page 237 and 238: 226 where vegetation stabilizes the
Page 239 and 240: 228 0 50 100 km inhabitants. Two ce
Page 241 and 242: 230 pushes peasants from hillside s
Page 243 and 244: 232 gardens grew up throughout the
Page 245 and 246: 234 Credible scientists also disagr
Page 247 and 248: 236 notice the problem. Like a dise
Page 249 and 250: 238 asters. Larger societies, with
Page 251 and 252: 240 before plants have all they can
Page 253 and 254: 242 faster than it is replaced dest
Page 255 and 256: 244 figuring the downstream end of
Page 257 and 258: 246 Meeting this challenge would al
Page 259 and 260: 248 10. Marsh 1864, 9, 42. 11. Lowd
Page 261 and 262: 250 6. USDA 1901, 31. 7. Whitney 19
Page 263 and 264: 252 Schwartzman, D. W., and T. Volk
Page 265 and 266: 254 Beach, T., S. Luzzadder-Beach,
Page 267 and 268: 256 and human response. In Environm
Page 269 and 270: 258 Lang, A. 2003. Phases of soil e
Page 271 and 272: 260 Cronon, W. 1983. Changes in the
Page 273 and 274: 262 Bennett, H. H., and W. R. Chapl
Page 275 and 276: 264 Saiko, T. A. 1995. Implications
Page 277: 266 Jackson, W. 2002. Farming in na
Page 281 and 282: 270 and economic costs of soil eros
Page 283 and 284: 272 agricultural practices (continu
Page 285 and 286: 274 Columella, Lucius Junius Modera
Page 287 and 288: 276 farm subsidy programs: conventi
Page 289 and 290: 278 Joppa Town, Maryland, 140 Judso
Page 291 and 292: 280 nitrogen fertilization (continu
Page 293 and 294: 282 Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret),
Page 295 and 296: 284 technological innovation (conti
Page 297: Text: 11.25/13.5 Garamond Display:
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