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122 THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND. Common from New York northward; California; Europe. A common species, especially frequenting the under surface of rocks and stones near low-water mark. It has not yet been found with us in fruit, but Californian specimens bear tetraspores. In Europe the time of fructification is the spring, and the species should be examined at that season on our own coast. Harvey states that the tetraspores are tripartite, but other writers—as Thuret, Agardh, and Nægeli— agree in asserting that they are cruciate. In Californian specimens the formation of the tetraspores is somewhat irregular, and although in most cases the cruciate division is plain enough, in others it seems to be rather tripartite. SUBGENUS ANTITHAMNION, Thuret. Branches opposite or whorled, without cortication; tetraspores cruciate. C. CRUCIATUM, Ag. (Antithamnion cruciatum, Næg.—C. cruciatum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 164.) Fronds tufted, one or two inches high, main branches sparingly and irregularly branched, secondary branches short, borne in twos or fours just below the nodes, always regularly opposite, and when in twos the succeeding pairs at right angles to one another, below subdistant, at the apex densely approximate and corymbose, pinnate with erect, alternate, distichous branchlets; tetraspores cruciate, sessile, or shortly stalked at the base of the secondary branches. On wharves at low-water mark and on algæ in shallow water. Red Hook, N. Y., Harvey; Orient, L. I.; Noank, Conn.; Wood’s Holl and several localities in Vineyard Sound, W. G. F.; Europe. Not common, but, on the other hand, not rare south of Cape Cod. It is a small and not very beautiful species when growing, but rather pretty when pressed. It is distinguished from the following species by its small size and sparingly branched main branches and by its tetrastichous, not distichous, secondary branches, which are densely approximate at the tips, so that in dried specimens the plant is rather pale except at the tips. Cystocarps and antheridia have never been found on our coast. Crouan states that the cystocarps, which are rare, are large, rounded, and slightly lobed. The branches of the present species, as well on our own shore as in Europe, are beset with small cysts with oily contents—the Chytridium plumulæ of Cohn. The same parasite is also found on the branches of C. Pylaisæi and C. plumula on the New England coast. C. FLOCCOSUM, Ag. (C. floccosum, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 81.—Pterothamnion floccosum, Næg.) Fronds three to six inches long, capillary, main branches irregularly and sparingly branched below, above with numerous alternate branches, which give the tips of the frond a rhombic-ovoid outline, clothed throughout with short, simple, opposite, distichous, subulate, secondary branches; tetraspores cruciate, sessile or on short stalks on the lower part of the secondary branches.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 123 On submerged algæ. Eastport, Maine, W. G. F.; Portland, Maine, C. B. Fuller; Gloucester, Mass., Mrs. Bray and Mrs. Davis; South Boston, Dr. Durkee; Northern Europe. A beautiful and easily distinguished species, found only in the colder waters of the Atlantic, a variety occurring as far south as South Barbara, on the coast of California. It is apparently not uncommon in spring from Boston northward, sometimes occurring in company with C. Pylaisæi. It is rare, however, on the northern coast of Scotland. It is easily distinguished from its allies in this latitude by the simple, subulate, secondary branches with which the main branches are clothed throughout. C. PYLAISÆI, Mont. (Wrangelia Pylaisæi, Ag. Sp.—C. Pylaisæi, Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 36 b.—Pterothamnion Pylaisæi, Næg.) Fronds three to six inches long, main branches alternately decompound, secondary branches short, rather stout, opposite, distichous, once or twice pinnate with short subulate ramuli; tetraspores cruciate, sessile on the ramuli; favellæ binate on the upper branches. On wharves and algæ below low-water mark. Orient, L. I., Miss Booth; Wood’s Holl, Mass.; and common from Nahant northward. A common species of the Atlantic coast from Boston northward, but much less abundant southward. It is found early in the spring on wharves and washed ashore with other algæ, but in the summer it is only seen in a dwarfed and battered condition. It is sometimes found in company with C. Americanum, and it is by no means beyond a doubt that the two species are really distinct. In C. Pylaisæi the filaments are more robust, and the cells themselves shorter and broader than in C. Americanum, the main branches are less decompound and spreading, and the apical branches are more erect and compact. It is, however, in the secondary branches that the difference is best seen. In C. Pylaisæi they are short and thick, and the ultimate divisions are broadly subulate. In C. Americanum they are long, slender, and flexuous. Those who have only seen the typical forms of the two species would scarcely believe that they were not very distinct species. The collector, however, especially on our northern coast, often finds transitions between the two. At the time the Nereis was written the cystocarpic fruit was unknown, and the species seemed to Agardh to belong rather to the genus Wrangelia. The fruit, which is not uncommon in the spring, is distinctly the same as in Callithamnion, and is a true favella. The antheridia differ from those of C. corymbosum and its allies. Instead of forming sessile, hemispherical tufts on the internodes of the branches, as in the last-named species, the antheridia of C. Pylaisæi are in the form of rather loosely branching tufts inserted at the nodes of the secondary branches, and occupy the position of the ultimate branches, reminding one somewhat of the antheridia of C. graniferum, Menegh., figured by Zanardini in Phycologia Adriatica, Pl. 11, or the figure of C. polyspermum in Phycologia Britannica. As far as our observations go, the antheridia and cystocarps of the present species are on different individuals. The color, when dried, is usually somewhat brownish, and decidedly less rose-colored than in C. Americanum. C. AMERICANUM, Harv., Nereis Am. Bor., Part II, p. 238, Pl. 36 a. (Pterothamnion Americanum, Næg.) Fronds three to six inches long, capillary, main branches alternately many times branched, ultimate divisions plumose, secondary branches
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I.-THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
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