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50 THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND. still remains to be settled. The species does not adhere well to paper, and would probably, at first sight, be referred by collectors to Chætomorpha rather than to Rhizoclonium. CLADOPHORA, Kütz. (From κλαδος [klados], a branch, and φορεω [phoreo], to bear.) Filaments firm, not gelatinous, branching throughout. A genus including the greater part of the branching Chlorosporeæ, which are found both in salt and fresh water. It differs from Ulothrix and Chætomorpha in having branching filaments, and from Rhizoclonium in having well-developed branches and not mere rhizoidal growths. The species abound on rocks and in tide-pools, as well as in ditches and shallow bays along the shore, and usually grow in tufts. Some of the species, however, especially those growing in brackish ditches, at maturity form dense layers upon the surface of the water or on the bottom. The number of described species of the genus is immense, but, in all probability, a great part are not distinct. It is at present impossible correctly to refer the New England species to European forms, since European botanists by no means agree as to their own species, and there has been a tendancy [sic] on the part of algologists of different countries to ignore the species of other countries in studying their own. The principal specific character is the mode of branching, which, in the present genus, is at best an uncertain mark. The young and old plants of the same species often differ very much in the appearance of the branches, so that the habit varies at different seasons. When old, some species are usually torn from their attachments and washed ashore in large masses, and, in this battered condition, it is often impossible to recognize the species, or perhaps even to distinguish the specimens from Rhizoclonium species. Unfortunately, names have been given to the battered forms until there is such a labyrinth of synonyms that one is tempted to reject all but a few well-marked species. In the present instance we have attempted merely to compare our specimens with those in the Algæ Danmonienses, the Algues Marines du Finistère, the Algæ Scandinavicæ of Areschoug, and with specimens received from Dr. Bornet, M. Le Jolis, Dr. Kjellman, and Dr. Wittrock. It is to be hoped that some responsible algologist will undertake the revision of this much-abused genus. SUBGENUS SPONGOMORPHA, Kütz. Plants spongy, at least towards the base, owing to the interlacing of the branches, some of which are strongly recurved and rhizoidal. C. ARCTA, (Dillw.). (Cladophora arcta, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 135.) Filaments slender, two to eight inches long, tufted and densely matted at base, becoming free and divergent above, color a bright green; branches near the base strongly recurved and interlaced, upper branches erect or appressed, numerous, opposite or scattered, apices obtuse; cells at base about twice as long as broad, cells of upper portion several times longer than broad, average diameter of cells about .08 mm . On rocks between tide marks. Winter and spring. Common along the whole coast; Europe. One of the few species which are recognized without difficulty, although it varies considerably in aspect at different seasons. When young the filaments are but slightly matted together, .except at the very base, and the species is then the C. vaucheriæformis
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 51 of Agardh; but when old they become spongy nearly to the tip, and constitute the C. centralis of some authors. The species is, as a rule, easily distinguished by its bright-green color and erect or appressed branches in the upper portion of the plant. The plant preserves its beautiful green color, and adheres to paper except when very old and spongy. C. LANOSA, (Roth) Kütz. (C. lanosa, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 6.) Tufts more or less globose; filaments one to three inches long, densely matted, color at first bright green, but soon becoming pale yellow; branches long, numerous, irregularly placed, often secund, given off at wide angles; cells .03-4 mm in breadth, as long as broad in lower part, becoming in upper part several times longer than broad. On Chondrus crispus and other algæ. Gloucester, Nahant, Mass.; common. Europe. Spring and early summer. Var. UNCIALIS, Thuret. (Cl. uncialis, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 207.) Filaments longer and looser than in the type, and of a lighter color. On sandy rocks. Long Island Sound; Nahant and Gloucester, Mass.; common. Spring. Europe. An easily recognized species, probably common along the whole coast in spring and early summer. It grows attached to sea-weeds or to sand-covered rocks at low tide and below, and is often washed ashore in considerable quantities. It forms globose tufts, which, when growing, are bright green, but which soon lose their color, and, on drying, became pale and silky. The var. uncialis, which is more common in Long Island Sound, is less dense and forms looser tufts than the type. It does not adhere very well to paper. SUBGENUS EUCLADOPHORA. Plants tufted, or, at times, stratose, not united into spongy masses by rhizoidal branches or recurved branches. C. RUPESTRIS, (Linn.) Kütz., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 180. Filaments five to ten inches long, rigid, dark green, tufted; branches crowded, usually opposite or in fours, ultimate branches given off at an acute angle, short, subulate; cells constricted at the joints, average diameter of cells .08-16 mm . On rocks near low water mark. Common along the whole coast throughout the year; Europe. Recognized by its dark green color and rigidity, and by the numerous appressed ramuli which are given off two or three at a joint. C. ALBIDA, (Huds.) Kütz., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 275. Filaments slender, silky, forming dense tufts from a few inches to a foot long, color a pale green; branches irregular, often opposite,
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