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156 THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND. C. PARVULA, (Ag.) Harv. (Chylocladia parvula, Phyc. Brit., Pl. 210.—Champia parvula, Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, p; 76.) Pl. XV, Figs. 2,5. Fronds brownish red, globosely tufted, two to four inches high, intricately branching, branches opposite, alternate, or whorled, nodose, joints once or twice as long as broad, apices obtuse; tetraspores tripartite, scattered in the cortex; conceptacles scattered, sessile, ovoid, with a distinct carpostome. On Zostera and algæ below low-water mark. Common from Cape Cod southward; Europe; Pacific Ocean. A homely species, which does not collapse when removed from the water. The conceptacles are larger than in our species of Lomentaria, and better adapted for the study of the arrangement of the spores. Suborder HYPNEÆ. Fronds filiform or subcompressed, branching; tetraspores zonate; cystocarps external or partly immersed, filled with a spongy cellular mass, in which the spores are borne in small, scattered tufts on a branching filamentous placenta. A small suborder, in which the cystocarpic fruit is peculiar. Sections of the cystocarps show a loose cellular structure which fills the interior, and scattered through the mass are small tufts of spores which remind one of the cystocarps of the Gigartineæ. In the present instance, however, the spores are not arranged irregularly in globose groups, but they are attached to filaments which branch among the general cellular mass which fills the conceptacle. In the Notes Algologiques an account of the development of the fruit in H. musciformis is given by Bornet. HYPNEA, Lam.x. (From Hypnum, a genus of mosses.) Fronds filiform, virgately or divaricately branched, with subulate branchlets, composed of an internal layer of large roundish-angular cells, which become smaller outwards, and a cortex of small, colored, polygonal cells; tetraspores zonate, borne in swollen branchlets; cystocarps external, subglobose, borne on the branchlets, containing a placenta composed of filaments which form a network, to which are attached at intervals tufts of spores. A genus of about twenty-five or thirty species, most of which are tropical and rather ill-defined, since the sterile and fertile plants of the same species vary considerably in aspect. Most of the species have the tips of the branches swollen and rolled inwards. The cystocarps are peculiar, and in sections one sees small tufts of pyriform spores, scattered through a nearly solid tissue composed partly of a network of branching filaments which form a sort of placenta and partly of the cells of the frond itself. H. MUSCIFORMIS, Lam.x. Fronds filiform, purplish red, tufted, virgately branched, six to twelve
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 157 inches long, branches elongated, irregularly placed, clothed below with numerous, short, subulate branchlets, thickened and nearly naked near the apex, which is often much incurved; tetraspores zonate, borne in somewhat swollen branchlets; cystocarps subglobose, numerous, on divaricately branched spinescent branchlets. New Bedford, Mass., Harvey; Wood’s Holl, W. G. F; Orient, L. I., Miss Booth; and southward to the West Indies. In four or five fathoms of water. A common species of the West Indies, and probably not rare in Long Island Sound, although not very common. It is usually found washed ashore in sheltered places like the Little Harbor, Wood’s Holl, after a heavy blow, where one sometimes finds intricately twisted tufts two feet in diameter. With us cystocarps have not been seen, but the frond is very well developed on our coast. It may be recognized by the yellowish-purple color, by the long branches covered with short, subulate branchlets, and especially by the swollen, naked apices, which are rolled strongly inwards or almost circinate. Fertile specimens from the West Indies are more robust and do not so frequently have inrolled apices. The species does not adhere well to paper in drying. SUBORDER GELIDIEÆ. Fronds of a dense cartilaginous structure, filiform or compressed, branching; antheridia in superficial patches; tetraspores cruciate, borne in the cortical layer; cystocarps formed in swollen branches and composed of spores arranged singly or in short filaments on the surface of an axile or parietal placenta, carpostomes present, often two in number; Rather a small order of dark-colored, rigid sea-weeds, whose fronds are formed of densely packed cells, and whose cystocarps are born in swollen terminal branches, but are not strictly external. In Gelidium the spores are sessile on an axile placenta, and there are two carpostomes on the opposite surfaces of the fronds. In Pterocladia the placenta is attanched [sic] to the lateral wall of the cystocarp, the spores are borne few in a row, and there is but one carpostome. GELIDIUM, Lam.x. (From gelu, frost, and, secondarily, gelatine.) Fronds cartilaginous, terete or compressed, decompound-pinnate, formed of long cylindrical cells in the axis, surrounded by roundish cells which become small and polygonal at the surface; antheridia in superficial patches; tetraspores cruciate, scattered in the cortex; cystocarps immersed in swollen branchlets, containing oblong or pyriform spores borne on an axile placenta which is attached by filaments to the walls of the cystocarp; carpostomes usually one on each side of the frond. A genus of narrowly linear or nearly terete algæ of a dense structure, found in nearly all parts of the world. The limits of the species are not well marked, because the ramifications on which the principal specific distinctions depend are very variable. The genus is recognized on our coast by the peculiar cystocarps, which are formed in
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH
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