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4 THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND. of the flora is still unmistakably arctic, if we except a few sheltered localities. The northern shore of Cape Cod, from its sandy character, is practically destitute of all species of algæ, except a few forms which are here and there found growing on the eel-grass. As soon as we pass to the south of Cape Cod, however, the flora assumes an entirely different aspect. The arctic and Northern European forms have disappeared, except at a few exposed points like Gay Head and Montauk, and, in their place, we find a number of species, as Dasya elegans, Rhabdonia tenera, Chondria tenuissima, Sargassum vulgare, characteristic of warmer seas. The Long Island flora, which may be said to extend from Cape Cod to New Jersey, has a good deal in common with the northern part of the Adriatic. Among the more abundant species are Dasya elegans, Polysiphonia variegata, and, if we accept Zanardini’s view, our common Chondria Baileyana and Lomentaria Baileyana are identical with C. striolata and L. uncinata, all species common near Venice. From New Jersey to Charleston, if we except Norfolk and one or two points on the North Carolina coast, almost no sea-weeds are known, presumably on account of the unfavorable nature of the shore, although, it must be confessed, the coast has never been carefully explored. Even with regard to the coast of New Jersey we have but little information. A number of Florideæ, usually growing attached to eel-grass, has been reported from Beesley’s Point by Samuel Ashmead,* but it is almost certain that southward from that point, very little is to be expected. It will be seen that Cape Cod is the dividing line between a marked northern and a southern flora. In fact, the difference between the floræ of Massachusetts Bay and Buzzards Bay, which are only a few miles apart, is greater than the difference between those of Massachusetts Bay and the Bay of Fundy, or between those of Nantucket and Norfolk. This difference in the flora corresponds precisely with what is known of the fauna. That Cape Cod formed a dividing line was known to Harvey, and subsequent observation has only shown, on the one hand, that the flora north of Cape Cod is more decidedly arctic than he supposed, and that, on the other hand, south of the cape it is more decidedly that of warm seas. The general fact of the distinctness of the two floræ is not weakened by the knowledge that we now possess, owing to the investigations of the Fish Commission, of the existence in a few sheltered localities north of Cape Cod of some of the characteristic species of Long Island Sound, and in a few exposed spots south of the cape of northern species. Of the more common species found along the whole coast of New England, by far the greater part are also common in Europe, as Delesseria sinuosa, Corallina officinalis, Hildenbrandtia rosea, Polysiphonia violacea, P. fastigiata, P. nigrescens, P. urceolata, Rhodymenia palmata, Chondrus crispus, Cystoclonium purpurascens, Ahnfeltia plicata, Phyllophora Brodiæi, P. membranifolia, Polyides rotundus, Ceramium rubrum, Ptilota elegans, Leathesia tuberiformis, Chordaria * Vid, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol vi, p. 147, vol. x, p. 8.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 5 flagelliformis, C. divaricata Desmarestia aculeata, D. viridis, Phyllitis fascia, Scytosiphon lomentarius, the common Fuci and Laminariæ, not to mention a large number of Chlorosporeæ and Cryptophyceæ. But a very few exclusively American species are found throughout our limits. Most of the purely American species are either confined to the shore south of Cape Cod or else to the shore from Boston northward. In fact, a good share of our common sea-weeds could be recognized from the figures in the Phycologia Brittanica. Let us consider next the characteristic species between Boston and Eastport. In studying these we must turn not to works on the algæ of France, or Great Britain, but rather to those on Scandinavian algæ. It is especially instructive to examine the Algæ Scandinavieæ of Professor Areschoug in connection with our own forms. The resemblance is at once striking. At Eastport we have a magnificent growth of Laminariæ and Fuci, which predominate over all other forms. The larger species are even found high up on the shore, and we find growing in pools Saccorhiza dermatodea, Laminaria longicruris, Agarum Turneri‚ Dictyosiphon hippuroides, Halosaccion ramentaceum, and Monostroma Blytii; at low-water mark Lithothamnion fasciculatum abounds; and Euthora cristata, Delesseria sinuosa, D. alata, and Callithamnion Pylaisæi can easily be collected without wading. The rocks are covered with crusts of Petrocelis cruenta, and Ralfsia verrucosa, and the luxuriant Fucus evanescens. With the exception of Agarum Turneri, which is not found in Europe, but which occurs in the North Pacific, and C. Pylaisæi, which is peculiar to America, all the species named are found in the north of Norway. Euthora cristata does not appear south of Scotland, where it is rare, and Laminaria longicruris is scarcely known south of the northern part of Scotland. As we proceed southwards from Eastport to Nahant, near Boston, we find that the species named disappear into deeper water, and, with the exception of Monostroma Blyttii, are not generally seen except when washed ashore. Dictyosiphon hippuroides has not yet been seen south of Eastport, but Saccorhiza dermatodea, known to Harvey only from Newfoundland, is now known to occur at Marblehead, near Nahant, and Halosaccion is not rare in deep pools at Gloucester, while Monostroma Blyttii, in rather a small form, is found on exposed rocks at Little Nahant. Fucus evanescens, which is as abundant as F. vesiculosus at Eastport, seems to be replaced on the Massachusetts coast by F. furcatus. Calliblepharis ciliata of Harvey’s Nereis, found from Cape Ann northwards is now known to be the same as Rhodophyllis veprecula, a common species on northern coasts. As yet none of the Scandinavian species of Phlæospora have been found with us, but it is not unlikely that they might be found by a botanist who should collect at Eastport in the spring. It is hardly likely that Phlæospora tortilis does not occur with us, for it is not uncommon on the Norwegian coast, and was collected in Greenland by Dr. Kümlien, of the Howgate expedition. Polysiphonia arctica may perhaps also be expected, as well as Chætopteris plumosa,
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