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140 THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND. SPYRIDIA, Harv. (From σπρυις [spruis], a basket.) Characters those of the genus. S. FILAMENTOSA, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 46. Pl. X, Fig. 1, and Pl. XII, Fig. 2. Fronds filamentous, in expanded tufts four to eight inches high, branches irregularly placed, spreading, repeatedly divided, secondary branches subequal, spirally inserted, ending in a mucronate tip composed of two or three hyaline cells; tetraspores tripartite, sessile at the nodes of branchlets, solitary or clustered; cystocarps two or three lobed. Var. REFRACTA, Harv., Ner. Am. Bor., Part III, Pl. 34 a. Fronds robust, subdichotomous, the branches naked, divaricating, with very wide axils, arched, the terminal ones frequently revolute. On Zostera, wharves, and mud below low-water mark. Common from Cape Cod southward; Massachusetts Bay, Harvey; most warm seas. Rather a beautiful species when growing, but which becomes brownish in drying and does not adhere very well to paper. It does not collapse when removed from the water, but remains covered with drops which adhere to the branchlets. The branches, although rather coarse, are brittle. The species is more common in Long Island Sound than in Europe, certainly than on the Atlantic coast. It may be recognized under the microscope by the monosiphonous corticated branches and hyaline branchlets, corticated only at the nodes and with a mucronate tip. The antheridia, of which, so far as we know, no description has hitherto been given, surround the branchlets, covering several cells near the base. They arise from divisions of the cortical cells, which form closely packed, short filaments, and extend over the internodes, those from the different nodes becoming confluent. The individuals which bear the cystocarps are distinct from those which bear the antheridia, and may be recognized by their more dense habit. SUBORDER CRYPTONEMIEÆ. Fronds solid or becoming hollow with age, cylindrical, compressed or membranaceous; antheridia forming superficial spots or small tufts; tetraspores usually cruciate and scattered in the cortical layer, sometimes in localized spots; cystocarps consisting of a single mass of irregularly placed spores surrounded by a gelatinous envelope, but not provided with a special cellular pericarp, immersed in the substance of the frond, spores discharged by a narrow passage formed between the cells of the cortex. An order comprising about 14 or 15 genera and between 125 and 150 species, most of which are inhabitants of warm seas, and vary in consistency from subgelatinous to coriaceous and cartilaginous. Our only two species belong to the tribe Nemastomeæ. There are numerous species on the Californian coast, nearly all difficult of deterinination
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 141 owing to the great variation in shape. The suborder approaches very closely to the Ceramieæ, since the cystocarps are in many of the species true favellæ, which, instead of being naked, are concealed in the fronds. It is in fact merely an arbitrary matter whether one places Gloiosiphonia in one suborder or the other. The fronds are more complicated than those of the Ceramieæ. In genera like Gloiosiphonia and Nemastoma there is an axis formed respectively of a monosiphonous filament or bundle of filaments, and an ill-defined cortex formed simply of the loosely united lateral filaments. In other genera, as in Halymenia, the cortex is more distinctly marked, and in Prionitis and Cryptonemia the frond is dense and coriaceous. GLOIOSIPHONIA, Carm. (From γλοιος [gloios], sticky, and σιφων [siphon], a tube.) Fronds monœcious, gelatinous, cylindrical, branching, solid above, and formed of a monosiphonous axis, whose cells in their central portion bear whorls of four secondary branches, which divide so as to form umbels, which collectively form the cortex; descending filaments formed from the lower part of secondary branches; lower portion of fronds hollow; tetraspores cruciate, borne at the summit of the cortical filaments; antheridia forming spots on the surface of the fronds; cystocarps borne on the lower part of the cortical filaments, consisting of tufts of branching, radiating filaments densely packed in a single mass and surrounded by jelly. A genus containing but a single certainly known species, found both in Europe and this country. The genus has been placed by some writers in the Cryptonemieæ and by others in the Ceramieæ. It in fact connects the two suborders, the fruit being a favella in which the spores all arrive at maturity at the same time, forming, in the terminology of some algologists, a simple nucleus. The ripe cystocarps are concealed in the frond, as in the Cryptonemieæ, but, on the other hand, the structure of the so-called cortical layer is like the outer portion of Dudresnaya, which is generally placed in the Ceramieæ. A detailed account of the development of the cystocarp in G. capillaris will be found in Notes Algologiques, p. 41. G. CAPILLARIS, Carm. (G. capillaris, Carm., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 57; Notes Algologiques, Pl. 13.) Fronds gelatinous, four inches to a foot long, solid above, hollow below, main branches subsimple, terete, naked below, densely beset above with decompound lateral branches, branchlets tapering at both extremities; cystocarps abundant, frequently forming nodosities. In pools below low-water mark. New London, Harvey; Nahant, W. G, F.; Chelsea, Miss Brewer; Gloucester, Mrs. Bray and Mrs. Davis; Hampton Beach, Dr. Durkee; Peak’s Island, Maine, Prof. Goode. A widely diffused but locally rare species, found in early summer and disappearing in August. It is easily recognized at sight by its delicate gelatinous substance and brilliant rose color and by the tapering branchlets. Cystocarpic specimens are not unfrequently found, but tetrasporic plants are rare and have never been observed in this country. The species shrinks very much in drying and adheres closely to paper.
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I.-THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND.
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH
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