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162 THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND. On wharves, shells, stones, and sponges below low-water mark, and extending to several fathoms. Cape Cod, southward. This, with the exception perhaps of Dasya elegans, is the most beautiful alga of Long Island Sound. It is often found in tufts on wharves below low-water mark, and it flourishes in rather warm, shallow bays. It is met with at all seasons of the year; and, according to Miss Fisher, of Edgartown, the ladies of Martha’s Vineyard collect it in winter, when it is found in considerable quantities on the ice. The male plant is smaller than the cystocarpic, and the antheridia may be detected by the naked eye in the form of small, whitish, glistening spots. The walls of the conceptacles are thinner than those of Delesseria. The swellings in which the tetraspores are borne can hardly be called warts, and the figure given by Harvey in the Nereis is somewhat exaggerated. The surface of the frond is raised, and becomes more or less convex, but there are no such irregular projections as represented in Harvey’s figure. DELESSERIA, Lam.x. (In honor of Baron Benjamin Delessert.) Fronds bright red, thin, membranaceous, laciniate or branched, coatate, and often with lateral veins, composed of a single or a few layers of large polygonal cells; antheridia in spots on the frond; tetraspores tripartite, grouped in spots (sori) on the frond or on marginal leaflets; cystocarps external, sessile, with a basal placenta, from which radiate the numerous subdichotomous, sporiferous filaments. A beautiful genus, comprising fifty or more species, distributed all over the globe. They are of delicate <strong>text</strong>ure and rosy-red color, and are generally leaf-like in appearance, although some are narrowly linear. The genus is not likely to be mistaken for any other on our coast, unless it be Grinnellia, in which the tetraspores are borne in thickened portions of the frond. The fronds, when young, are more or less leaf-like and provided with a midrib, and generally also with lateral nerves; and, as they grow older, they become more or less stipitate by the wearing away of the blade of the leaf, which leaves the thickened midrib either naked or with a small winged margin. When still more advanced, owing to the growth of the laciniæ and the wearing away of the lateral nerves, the stipes appear to branch and to bear several leaf-like fronds. In some, species the membranous portion of the fronds consists of a single layer of cells, which are rectangular when seen in section and polygonal seen from above. At the veins the cells form several layers, and in some species it is only at the tip that the fronds are formed of a single layer. When the cystocarps are formed, the cells are divided by numerous partitions parallel to the surface of the frond, and the wall of the conceptacle, when mature, consists of several layers of cells, all of about the same size and smaller than the cells of the frond. D. SINUOSA, Lam.x.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 259. Fronds four to eight inches long and two to four broad, stipitate below, stipe often elongated and branched, with oblong or obovate, deeply sinuate or pinnatifid toothed leaves, midrib percurrent, lateral veins opposite, extending to the laciniæ; tetraspores tripartite, either borne in small lateral leaflets or in patches following the veins; cystocarps sessile, generally on the veins, hemispherical, with a distinct carpostome. On algæ, generally in deep water.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 163 From New Haven northward. One of the more common Florideæ north of Cape Cod, and not rare in the colder waters of Long Island and Vineyard Sounds. It is found all the year, but especially in the autumn and winter. It is at once recognized by the presence of a midrib and lateral veins and by its general resemblance in outline to an oak-leaf. D. ALATA, Lam.x.; Phyc. Brit., Pl. 247. Fronds two to four inches long, an eighth of an inch wide, stipitate below, above pinnately decompound, divisions linear, margin entire, costate, lateral veins scarcely visible; tetraspores tripartite, borne in the apices of the segments or in special leaflets; cystocarps hemispherical, on the upper veins. Var. ANGUSTISSIMA, Harv., Phyc. Brit., Pl. 83. Fronds very narrow, blade of the leaflets almost wanting. From Boston northward, with the last; Europe. A common species of Northern New England, but not yet found south of Cape Cod. Our form is uniformly narrower than the common European form, and there is scarcely a trace of lateral veins. Hypoglossum Grayanum, Reinsch, Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam, p. 55, Pl. 42, appears to be the same as D. alata of the New England coast. D. LEPRIEURII, Mont.; Ner. Am. Bor., Part II, Pl. 22 c. (Hypoglossum Leprieurii, Kütz.—Caloglossa Leprieurii, J. Ag., Epicr.) Fronds purple, one to two inches high, about a tenth of an inch wide, dichotomous, articulato-constricted, costate, proliferous from the costa, segments linearlanceolate, attenuate, rhizoids and new leaflets formed at the constrictions; tetraspores tripartite, in oblique lines extending from the midrib to the margin; cystocarps sessile on the midrib. West Point, Bailey; Fort Lee, N. Y.‚ Mr. Averill; Harlem River, C. H. Peck; and common southward. This small species inhabits tidal rivers where the water is warm, and is found on wood-work, stones, and water-plants. It is probably not rare near New York, and on our Southern Atlantic coast it is common. It extends to the West Indies, and is also found in the warmer waters of both hemispheres. It is distinguished at once from our other species by its small size, purple color, and very thin constricted fronds. The species was placed by Harvey in the subgenus Caloglossa, which is separated as a distinct genus by Agardh in his Epicrisis. GRACILARIA, Grev. (From gracilis, slender.) Fronds filiform or compressed, carnoso-cartilaginous, dichotomous or irregularly decompound, composed of an inner; layer of large angular cells, which become smaller outwards, and a cortical layer of small colored cells; antheridia in cavities sunk in the cortex or superficial; tetraspores cruciate, dispersed in the cortical layer; cystocarps external, sessile, spherical or conical, with a large cellular placenta at the
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