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98 THE MARINE ALGÆ OF NEW ENGLAND. de Terre-Neuve.—Alaria Pylaii, Ner. Am. Bor.—A. esculenta, var., Post. & Rupr., Illustr. Alg., Pl. 18.) Base of lamina cuneate, fructiferous leaflets obovate-spathulate. Common on exposed coasts at low-water mark and below, from Nahant northward. The variety at Eastport, Maine, Northern Europe, and Pacific coast. As yet no species of Alaria has been found south of Cape Cod, although it is probable that they occur at exposed points like Gay Head and Montauk. In the Annales des Sciences, De la Pylaie mentions three varieties of A. esculenta—platyphylla, tæniata, and remotifolia—as occurring at Newfoundland, and in the Flore de Terre-Neuve he makes two new species—Laminaria musæfolia, including L. esculenta, var. platyphylla and var. remotifolia, and L. linearis, including L. esculenta var. tæniata. These species are characterized by the different forms and position of the fructiferous leaflets, which, it must be admitted, are so variable and so constantly pass into one another, that De la Pylaie would have done better in retaining them all as forms of one species. Laminaria Pylaii, Bory, founded on a single specimen brought by De la Pylaie from Newfoundland, also seems to be merely a variety of L. esculenta, in which the lamina is cuneate at the base. At Eastport the broader forms are common, and one sees all stages from decurrent to cuneate laminæ. Agardh refers to L. Pylaii, Bory, the Alaria esculenta var. latifolia, of Postels and Ruprecht, whose plate represents excellently the extreme forms found at Eastport. The present species is used as food in Scotland and Ireland, where it is called badder-locks, henware, murlins, and also in Iceland, but it is not eaten with us. ORDER III. OOSPOREÆ, SACHS. Male organs (antheridia) composed of sacks borne on simple or branching filaments, sometimes sessile, containing motile antherozoids; female organ (oogonium) in the form of a sack, whose contents change into one or more spherical masses (oospheres), which are directly fertilized by the antherozoids and become oospores. In the order Conjugateæ there was a direct union of similar bodies called zoospores, and no clear distinction of male and female cells. In the Oosporeæ the males are small-motile bodies (in algæ), which directly impregnate the spherical masses of protoplasm, called oospheres, either before or after they have escaped from the mother-cell, the oogonium. As a result of the impregnation, a wall of cellulose is formed round what was before merely a mass of protoplasm, and the so-called oosphere becomes an oospore and capable of germinating. The marine plants of the order may be divided into two suborders, as follows: a. Large olive-green plants, having the antheridia and oogonia in nearly closed sacks borne in a definite part of the plant; fronds foliaceous, often provided with air-bladders FUCACEÆ. b. Minute grass-green plants forming turfs or tufts; antheridia and oogonia naked, sessile, or pedicellate, borne laterally on the unicellular branching frondVAUCHERIEÆ.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 99 Suborder FUCACEÆ, C. Ag. Plants diœcious or hermaphrodite, fructifying organs borne in conceptacles or cavities lined with sterile filaments and opening outwards by a narrow pore; antheridia in ovoid sacks borne on branching threads and filled with minute antherozoids having two lateral cilia; oospores spherical, borne 1-8 in a mother-cell. Marine plants of an olive-green color, attached by a disk-like base, fronds usually branching dichotomously, rarely indefinitely expanded, often provided with airbladders and with cryptostomata. An order characterized by the presence of antherozoids borne in sacks and by oospores, varying in the different genera from one to eight in a mother-cell, both antheridia and oospores being contained in hollow conceptacles, which are produced either in definite parts of the frond or on special branches or rarely indefinitely scattered over the frond. The fertilization in this order was first described by Thuret in the Annales des Sciences, Ser. 4, Vol. 2. The fronds vary very much in the different genera. In Durvillæa the frond resembles a large Laminaria, and from this simple form there are all degrees of complication, until in Sargassum, the most highly developed genus, there are distinct stems, leaves, air-bladders, and branching fructiferous receptacles. In high latitudes the order is chiefly represented by the common rock-weeds, Fuci, which line the rocks between tide-marks, while in low latitudes the gulf-weeds, species of Sargassum, abound. The Southern Ocean abounds in curious and varied forms of this order, Australia being particularly rich in species. The New England coast is especially poor in representatives of the order, the genera Halidrys, Himanthalia, Pelvetia, and Cystoseira, common on the coast of Europe, being entirely wanting with us. The fronds are dotted with small pits, called cryptostomata, from which grow tufts of hairs. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Fronds with distinct stems and leaves ............................. Sargassum. Fronds without distinct stems and leaves— Lamina provided with a midrib, receptacles terminal, continuous with the frond ...............................................................................................Fucus. Midrib wanting, receptacles on special lateral branchesAscophyllum. ASCOPHYLLUM, (Stackh.) Le Jolis, emend. (From ασκος [askos], a sack, and φυλλον [phyllon] a leaf.) Fronds attached by a disk, linear, compressed, destitute of a midrib, irregularly dichotomous, furnished with air-bladders; receptacles on distinct, simple, lateral branches; spores four in a mother-cell. A genus including the Fucus nodosus of older writers, which differs from the true Fuci in having a linear frond destitute of a midrib and spores in fours instead of in eights. The generic name Ozothallia proposed by Decaisne and Thuret, who were the first to give a detailed account of the conceptacles of F. nodosus, was referred by Le Jolis to the older genus Ascophylla of Stackhouse. A. NODOSUM, Le Jolis. (Fucus nodosus, L.; Phyc. Brit, Pl. 158; Her.
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