Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and ...

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Fault / Figure 57. Bond Creek and Orange MI porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, Eastem-Wthsm Alaska mebllogenlc belt, Eas&m-&utllm Alaska. Schematic geologic map. Adaptad from Richber (1973) a d NoldebQ and others (f 9%). alteration, and late-stage anhydrite veins (R.J. Newbeny, written commun.. 1985). Wx.ia?pread, late-stage cblorite&it%apidote alteration also occurs in the Nabesna pluton. The abed areas associated with b e deposit have dimdns of about 1.0 by 3,0 fan at Orange Hill, and 2.0 by 3.0 krn at Bond Creek.
I I The Orange Hill deposit contains an inferred reserve of 320 million tonnes grading 0.35% Cu and 0.02% Mo, and the Bond Creek deposit contains an inferred reserve of 500 million tonnes grading 0.30% Cu and 0.02% Mo (Richter and others, 1975a, b). The Nabesna pluton intrudes Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous flysch of the Gravina-Nutzotin belt. Associated skam deposits contain disseminated andradite garnet, pyroxene, pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and magnetite, and massive pyrrhotite, pyrite, chdcopyrite, and sphderite. Also associated with the Nabesna pluton are the mined Nabesna Fe-Au and the Rambler Fe- Au skarn deposits (Weylmd, 1943; Nokleberg and others, 1987; Newberry and others, 1997a). Beultoff, Hamfeld, Carl Creek Patphyty Cu DepasIts The Baultoff, Horsfeld, and Carl Creek porphyry Cu deposits (Richter and others, 1975b) occur in three nearby areas in the northern Wrangell Mountains. The deposits consist of pyrite and chalcopyrite which occur both in veinlets aad as disseminations in altered Cretaceous granitoid plutons composed of quartz diorite, quartz diorite porphyry, or granite porphyry. The altered areas associated with the deposits have dimensions up to 1,000 by 2,000 m. Alteration minerals are chlorite, sericite, albite, pyrite; local actinolite veins and disseminations also occur. The deposits contain an estimated resource of 240 million tonnes grading 0.2% Cu, 4.01% Mo, and trace Au (Richter and others, 1975b). The host granitoid rocks form part of the Cretaceous Klein Creek batholith which intrudes Late Jurassic and Early to mid-cretaceous flysch of the Gravina-Nutzotin belt. Own of end Tectonic Contnds for Eastem-Southem Alaska Metatlogenic Belt The Eastern-Southern Alaska metallogenic belt occurs in the central and northern part of the Wrangellia island-arc terrane, in and adjacent to the area underlain by the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Gravina-Nutzotin belt, and by the partly coeval Kahiltna overlap assemblage (Nokkberg and others, 1995a) (fig. 49). In the Nutzotin Mountains between the Alaska Range and Wrangell Mountains, the Gravina-Nutzotin belt consists chiefly of argillite, graywacke, and conglomerate, and a lesser wit of andesite and basalt volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in the Chisana Formation (Berg and others, 1972; Richter, 1976; Richter and others, 1976). Sedimentary rocks range in the from deep marine turbidites to shallow-water and nomarine deposits. The come clastic rocks in the Nutzotin part of the Gravina-Nutzotin belt are interpreted as derived locally fiom the underlying Wrangellia supertenme and fiom unknown metamorphic source terranes. Metamorphism is lower greenschist bcies (Dusel- &con and others, 1993). The gmnitaid rocks of the Gmvina arc are partly coeval with the andesitic and basaltic voicanic and volcaniclastic rocks I of the Early Cretaceous Chisam Formatian which occurs in the upper part of the Gravina-Nutzotin belt in the Nutzoh Mountah in eastern-southern Alaska. The igneous rocks of the Chisana Formation are A1,0, rich, exhibit pronounced light-REE eruichment, arr classified as tholeiitic-transitional to calc-alkalic, and are interpreted as subduction-related by Barker (1994). The Chisana Formation is interpreted as forming in the axial part of the Gravina arc with volcanic-rock-derived flysch of the Kahiltna overlap assemblage and Gravina-Nutmtin belt as forming along the arc flanks. To the west, in the central and western Alaska Range and adjacent areas, the Kahiltna overlap assemblage, which is partly coeval with the GrwiilaNutzotin belt, consists chiefly of structurally-disrupted, deep marine, partly vokaniclastic, flyschoid graywacke and argillite. with minor amounts of chert, I~mestone, conglomerate, and andesite (Csejtey and otben, 1986; I Jones and others, 1982, 1987; Wallace and others, 1989; Nokleberg and others, 1994d). The assemblage is mostly Euly Cretaceous in age, but includes rocks ranging in age from Late Jurassic to locally early Late Cretaceous (Cenommhn). Metamorphism is lower greenschist facies, but locally ranges from zeolite to amphibolite facies (Dusel-Bacon and others, 1993). The occurrence of locally abundant volcanic rock detritus in the flysch of the Kahiltna overlap assemblage indicates that the Gravha an: occurred sporadically across most of southern Alaska. Together, the granitic and andesitic rocks of the Gravina-Nutzotin belt and the Kahiltna overlap assemblage define the Gravina island arc, which is interpreted as fonning on the northern, or leading edge of the Wrangellia island-arc superternme I during migration towards North America (Nokleberg and others, 1984, 1985,2000; Nokleberg and Lange, 1985a; Plaflter and others, 1989; Plafker and Berg, 1994; Nokleberg and others, 2000). The Gravina arc and associated granitic magmatism deposits are tec(onically linked to the younger part of the McHugh Complex which forms the northern part of the Chugach subduction zone and accretionary wedge complex (Nokleberg and others, 2000). These relations reveal the long and complex history of the WrangeUa island-arc superterrane (Nokleberg and others, 1984, 1985,2000; Nokleberg and Lange, 1985a). The Eastern-Southern Alaska raeIztllogenic belt is herein interpreted as partly coeval with: (1) the Westem-southeastern Alaska metallogenic bek described bdow, which is also hosted in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Gravina overlap assemblage of the Wrangellia superterrane in Southeastern Alaska; and (2) the lsland porphyry metallogenic belt, described above, which is hosted In the Gambisr overlap assemblage in southern British Columbia.
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I EUSGS science Ior a changing wwld
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CONTENTS Abstract .................
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5 : 3 . Kedon metall lo genic Belt
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Parson and Brisco Barite Vein and G
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Overview ..........................
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Chepak Granitoid-Related Au Deposit
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Au-Ag Epithermal Vein Deposits Asso
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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and Byalobzhesky (1996). A volume c
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1,079 significant mineral deposits
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Acknowledgements We thank the many
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0 --mmm=oRuwrrrur ommmmarUaAll NEr-
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Figure 3. Generalized map of mtljor
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Archean granulite facies metamorphi
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Figure 5. Oroek sediment-h section
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1 a a - --rich sandstone ~b-Qmg@ner
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Origin of and Tectonic Setting for
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occur in clastic and impure carbona
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Figure 7. Sullivan sedimentary-exha
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I 1997a, b, 1998). The massive sulf
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Ma which locally form extensive plu
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Figure 10. Gerbikanskoe vdcanogenic
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from crystalline basement of craton
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Figure 13. Howards Pass sedknenWy e
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McLean Arm Porphyry Cu-Mo District
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[..'......I Surfia'al deposits (Hol
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Figwe 16. GeneraCied map of major M
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.- *.-* *. . - - ---- -A - EARLY MI
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Metallogenic Belt Formed During Col
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several tens of meters to 1,300 m l
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Goldfarb (197) who interprets that
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WTF and Red Mountain Kuroko Massive
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interpreted by and as part of a ext
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Mount Sicker Metallogenic Belt of K
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interpreted as vents. The deposit c
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hosted in the Yarkhodon subterrane
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origin of the younger Triassic(?) B
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Mississippian age of mineralizalioi
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Monger and Nokleberg, 1996; Noklebe
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1997a, b). Most of the magnesite an
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FL - Finlayson Lakm FR-FmLake LI -
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disseminations in chert, disseminat
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U F~gure 32 GemMzed m p of mejw -ni
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terrane, and by the Stikine Assembl
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Page 108 and 109: Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 110 and 111: . I . r ; 4 ~ (9) During subduction
Page 112 and 113: Eastern Alaska Range Metallogenic B
Page 114 and 115: individual flows range from 5 cm to
Page 116 and 117: occurrence of turbiditic clastic ro
Page 118 and 119: along the with tectonically-related
Page 120 and 121: : m- 3- w43 k M- u m u~u) mtl 'M~!A
Page 122 and 123: island-arc volcanic rocks of the Ni
Page 124 and 125: -- - //// EpldoW Figure 41. Nickel
Page 126 and 127: (TC), and Toodoggone (TO) belts whi
Page 128 and 129: (4) The Angayucham Ocean (Kobuck Se
Page 130 and 131: lueschist units and the McHugh Comp
Page 132 and 133: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 134 and 135: Figure 46. Lawyers Au-Ag epitiefmel
Page 138 and 139: (5) The Angayucham Ocean (Kobuck Se
Page 140 and 141: Figure 49 Generaltzed map Of mbjm L
Page 142 and 143: continental-margin terranes which w
Page 144 and 145: Pokrovskoe Au-Ag Epithermal Vein De
Page 148 and 149: Granite-porphm and wanits W e ~~ hl
Page 150 and 151: subordinate adularia, dolomite, cel
Page 152 and 153: shale, basalt, plagiorhyolite, silt
Page 154 and 155: ocks and serpentinite which occur a
Page 156 and 157: interpreted as forming in the Juras
Page 160 and 161: Klukwan-Duke Metallogenic Bett of M
Page 162 and 163: tonnes of ore mined between 1967 an
Page 164 and 165: Cariboo Metallogenic Belt of Au Qua
Page 166 and 167: Sheep Creek Au-Ag Polymetallic Vein
Page 168 and 169: ---. .% of the North American Conti
Page 170 and 171: - OwiapaasembC Cmhmmmand Cemmcl. an
Page 172 and 173: in the west-central part of the Rus
Page 174 and 175: for about 850 krn (ZalishshaL ad oh
Page 176 and 177: Stanovoy Metallogenic Belt of Grani
Page 178 and 179: Goryachev, 1995, 1998, 2003) consis
Page 180 and 181: Altinskoe, Aragochan, Dalnee, Dokhs
Page 182 and 183: comprises up to 70-80% in some ore
Page 184 and 185: The Au quartz vein deposits are int
Page 186 and 187: leucogranite plutons form large, ho
Page 188 and 189: + , . Diorite phyry dike (Early ~ta
Page 190 and 191: - . --- Origin of and Tectonic Cont
Page 192 and 193: Britannia Metallogenic Belt of Kuro
Page 194 and 195: Specific Events for Late Early Cret
Page 196 and 197: Figure 73. Solnechnae Sin qu- ~d~ n
Page 198 and 199: - Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
Page 200 and 201: Nome Metallogenic Belt of Au Quartz
Page 202 and 203: quartz vein deposits of the Souther
Page 204 and 205: Selwyn Plutonjc Suite. The host roc
Page 206 and 207: along the western end in the Eagle
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101 Ma (K.M. Dawson, unpublished da
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I Bayonne Metallogenic Belt of Porp
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., (VV) belts. These zones and beb
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I (2) The East Sikhote-Alin (es) co
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Metallogenic Belt Formed in Late Me
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The Pb-Zn polyrnetallu: vein depb a
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olistolith. The deposit is currentl
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the core of the veins, chlorite, Mn
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Tayozhnoe Ag Epithermal Vein Deposi
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Figure 90. lskra deposit Sn polyrne
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- El (Late ~re&ceous) I+ we cmm=s)
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Figure 93. Mnogovershinnoe AMq @pWw
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immed by wehrlite, olivine-magnetit
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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which would be hosted in the early
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Etandzha Porphyry Cu-Mo and Muromet
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0- / Fadt . . Au veins and pods Fig
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Sentachan Clastic-Sediment-Hosted A
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I I I Undifferentiated vdcanic and
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.r . : . -d ' . . ,, $44 . assembla
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closure, the Chukotka supertca&c wa
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- Mgh anglefau#or prsminant Fitwar
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intrude and crosscut both the relat
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Figure 101 8. Ke~ecolt &4W d KemwaI
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Figure 103. Generalized map of majo
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metallogenic belt (SP) which contai
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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Valunistoe Au-Ag Epithermal Vein De
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Lost River Sn-W Skarn and Sn Greise
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Wheeler Creek, Clear Creek, and Zan
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Au veln,and hots spring deposits at
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Chicken Mountain Cu-Au Deposit The
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Chip sample location - Fault / Cont
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A proximate laatbm c#f C h # d ~nar
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0.03 1% Mo; and (3) for a hypogene
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others, 1994c. 1997~). The granitoi
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Cross section - - South greisen zon
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198 1). The mine at the deposit pro
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Beatson (Latouche) and Ellamar Bess
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CRETACEOUS Mount Leonard St& gueYtr
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n pJ pRanens. Pd-dc i3 Meeomic .---
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Figure 120. Huckleberry porphyry Cu
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0.15% Cu (ox), 0.127 g/t Au, and 0.
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Zone are 188 million tonnes grading
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Kitsault (B.C. Moly) Porphyry Mo De
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million tonnes grading 0.42% Cu, 0.
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extension. The Coryell Suite is int
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elated deposits. Forming in the bac
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Metallogenic Belts Formed in Tertia
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Hg Deposits Hg deposits occur throu
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Maletoivayam Sulfur-Sulfide Deposit
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(5) A major orthogonal junction for
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Metallogenic Belts Formed in Tertia
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occur in these tabular, altered sil
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summarlzed above are used by analog
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the Aleutian volcanic belt. The Yak
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metamorphism, anatectic granites, a
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References Cited Abbott, G., 1981,
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Society of America Abstracts with P
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Sciences, North-Eastern lnterdiscip
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Burgoyne, A.A., 1986, geology and e
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Canadian Cordillera, Yukon-northeas
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the Koryak Highlands: Transactions
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during 1984: U.S. Geological Survey
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Northeast Scientific Intergrated Re
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House, G.D., and Ainsworth, B., 199
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International Field Conference in V
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lithosphere in flood basalt genesis
Page 350 and 351:
MacKevett, E.M., Jr., 1978, Geologi
Page 352 and 353:
Miller, M.L., Bundtzen, T.K., and K
Page 354 and 355:
Nekrasov, I.Ya., 1995, Genetic type
Page 357 and 358:
Pakhomova, V.. Silyanik, V., Popov,
Page 359 and 360:
Pollack, John, 1997, Summary report
Page 361 and 362:
1993: British Columbia Geological S
Page 363 and 364:
Schroeter, T.G., 1987, Golden Bear
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Geology of the Liese zone, Pogo pro
Page 367 and 368:
Colorado, Geological Society of Ame
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lnstitute of Mining and Metallurgy
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Anorthosite apatite-Ti-Fe Gabbroic
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TABLE 2. Summary of correlations an
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TABLE 2. Summary of correlations an
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9! TABLE ectonic environment of Pro
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(Abbreviation) Rassokha (RA) Dzhard
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Metallogenic Belt (Abbreviation) Be
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Major Mineral Deposits Types. Envir
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(Abbreviation) Guichon (GU) I Belt
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Major Mineral Deposits Types. Envir
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(Abbreviation) (Significant Mineral
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(Abbreviation) Adycha-Taryn (EAAT)
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~etallo~enic Belt Major Mineral Dep
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Metallogenic Belt (Abbreviation) Ca
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TABLE 4. Significant lode deposits,
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Mineral Deposit Model Major Metals
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Deposit Name Mineral Deposit Model
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Deposit Nmme Mineral Deposit Model
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p;. ;A'..* Deposit Name Mineral Dep
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De~osit Name Mineral Deposit Model
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