Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and ...

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Rodnikovoe Au Quartz-Adularia Epithermal Vein Deposit ........................................................................................................ 300 Origin of and Tectonic Controls for East Kamchatka Metallogenic Belt ................................................................................... 300 Central Kamchatka Metallogenic Belt of Au-Ag Epithermal and Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits (Belt CK) Kamchatka Peninsula ..... 300 Ozernovskoe Au-Ag Epithennal Vein Deposit ........................................................................................................................... 300 Aginskoe Au-Ag Epithermal Vein Deposit ................................................................................................................................. 301 Kirganik Porphyry Cu Deposit .................................................................................................................................................... 301 Origin of and Tectonic Controls for Central Kamchatka Metallogenic Belt .............................................................................. 301 Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands Metallogenic Belt of Igneous Arc Deposits (Belt AP) Western-Southern Alaska ............. 301 Pyramid Porphyry Cu Deposit .................................................................................................................................................... 302 Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit ........................... . ................................................................................................................ 302 Aleutian Arc ............................................................................................................................................................................ 302 Tectonic Setting for Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands Metallogenic Belt ......................................................................... 302 Late Tertiary and Quaternary Metallogenic Belts (4 to 0 Ma: Figures 125. 126) ..................................................................................... 303 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 303 Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Late Tertiary and Quaternary (4 to 0 Ma; Figure 128) ................................................................... 303 Specific Events for Late Tertiary and Quaternary .............................................................................................................................. 303 Metallogenic Belts Formed in Late Tertiary and QuaternaryContinentaI-Margin Arcs. Kamchatka Peninsula. Southern Alaska. and Southern Canadian Cordillera .................................................................................................................................................. 305 Sakhalin Island Metallogenic Belt of Silica- Carbonate or Volcanic-Hosted Hg Deposits (Belt SH) Sakhalin Island, Southeastern Part of Russian Far East ..................................................................................................................................... 305 Kuril Metallogenic Belt of Au-Ag Epithermal Vein, Cu-Pb-Zn Polymetallic Vein, Sn silica-sulfide vein, Sn Vein, Sulfur-sulfide (volcanic S), Kuroko Massive Sulfide, and Porphyry Mo Deposits (Belt KU) Kuril Islands, East-Central Part of Russian Far East ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 305 Novoe Sulfur-Sulfide (Volcanic S) Deposit ................................................................................................................................ 305 Prasolovskoe Au-Ag Epithennal Vein Deposit ........................................................................................................................... 306 Koshkina Cu-Pb-Zn Polymetallic Vein Deposit .......................................................................................................................... 306 Valentinovskoe Kuroko Cu-Pb-Zn Deposit ............................................................................................................................. 306 Origin of and Tectonic Controls for Kuril Metallogenic Belt .................................................................................................. 306 Summary of Metallogenic and Tectonic History ....................................................................................................................................... 306 Pre-Accretionary Metallogenic Belts ..................................................................................................................................................... 307 Accretionary Metallogenic Belts ............................................................................................................................................................ 307 Post-Accretionary Metallogenic Belts ................................................................................................................................................... 307 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 308 References Cited ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 309 Cover Figure . Major present-day metallogenic and tectonic elements for the Circum-North Pacific and geographic names for major regions . The major features. continued from the Neogene are: (1) a series of continental-margin arcs and companion subduction-zone assemblages around the Circum-North Pacific; (2) continuation of opening of major sedimentary basins behind major arcs; (3) in the eastern part of the Circum-North Pacific. dextral transpression between the Pacific Ocean plate and the present-day Canadian Cordillera margin; and (4) sea-floor spreading in the Arctic and eastern Pacific Oceans . Refer to text for detailed explanation of tectonic events (section on Pliocene to Present) and to figure 18 for explanation of abbreviations. symbols. and patterns . The major metallogenic belts are: (1) the Kuril (KU) metallogenic belt which is hosted in the Kuril volcanic-plutonic belt; (2) the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands (AP) metallogenic belt which contains granitic-magmatism-related deposits and is hosted in the Aleutian volcanic belt; and (3) the Owl Creek (OC) metallogenic belt which is hosted in the Cascade volcanic-plutonic belt .
Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera Abstract The Proterozoic and Phanerozoic metallogenic and tectonic evolution of the Russian Far East. Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera is recorded in the cratons, craton margins, and orogenic collages of the Circum-North Pacific mountain belts which separate the North Pacific from the eastern North Asian and western North American Cratons. The collages consist of tectonostratigraphic terranes and contained metallogenic belts which are composed of fragments of igneous arcs, accretionary- wedge and subduction-zone complexes, passive continental margins, and cratons. The terranes are overlapped by continental- margin-arc and sedimentary-basin assemblages and contained metallogenic belts. The metallogenic and geologic history of terranes, overlap assemblages, cratons, and craton margins has been complicated by post-accretion dismemberment and translation during strike-slip faulting which occurred subparallel to continental margins. Seven processes overlapping in time were responsible for most of metallogenic and geologic complexities of the region. (1) In the Early and Middle Proterozoic, marine sedimentary basins developed on major cratons and were the loci for ironstone (Superior Fe) deposits and sediment-hosted Cu deposits which occur along both the North Asia Craton and North American Craton Margin. (2) In the Late Proterozoic, Late Devonian, and Early Carboniferous, major periods of rifting occurred along the ancestral margins of present-day Northeast Asia and northwestern North American. The rifling resulted in fragmentation of each continent, and formation of cratonal and passive continental-margin terranes which eventually migrated and accreted to other sites along the evolving margins of the original or adjacent continents. The rifting also resulted in formation of various massive-sulfide metallogenic belts. (3) From about the late Paleozoic through the mid-Cretaceous, a succession of island arcs and contained igneous-arc-related metallogenic belts, and tectonically paired subduction zones formed near continental margins. (4) From about mainly the mid-Cretaceous through the present, a succession of continental-margin igneous arcs (some extending offshore into island arcs) and contained metallogenic belts, and tectonically paired subduction zones formed along the continental margins. (5) From about the Jurassic to the present, oblique convergence and rotations caused orogen-parallel sinistral, and then dextral displacements within the plate margins of the Northeast Asian and North American cratons. The oblique convergences and rotations resulted in the fragmentation, displacement, and duplication of formerly more continuous arcs, subduction zones, passive continental margins, and contained metallogenic belts. These fragments were subsequently accreted along the margins of the expanding continental margins. (6) From the Early Jurassic through Tertiary, movement of the upper continental plates toward subduction zones resulted in strong plate coupling and accretion of the former island arcs, subduction zones, and contained metallogenic belts to continental margins. In this region, the multiple arc accretions were accompanied and followed by crustal thickening, anatexis, metamorphism, formation of collision- related metallogenic belts, and uplift; this resulted in the substantial growth of the North Asian and North American continents. And (7) in the middle and late Cenozoic, oblique to orthogonal convergence of the Pacific Plate with present-day Alaska and Northeast Asia resulted in formation of the present ring of volcanoes and contained metallogenic belts around the Circum-North Pacific. Oblique convergence between the Pacific Plate and Alaska also resulted in major dextral-slip faulting in interior and Southern Alaska and along the western part of the Aleutian-Wrangell arc. Associated with dextral-slip faulting was crustal extrusion of terranes from Western Alaska into the Bering Sea. Introduction This report provides an analysis of the metallogenesis and tectonics of significant metalliferous lode deposits, selected major nonmetalliferous lode deposits, and host rocks in the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera. The report is based on a series of published terrane and overlap assemblage maps, mineral deposit and metallogenic belt maps, and mineral deposit databases, and interpretive articles for the region (Nokleberg and others, 1987, 1993, 1994a, b, c, d, 1995a, 1996, 1997a, b, c, 1988a, b, 1989a, b, 2000). For the analysis, this report synthesizes and combines coeval and genetically-related groups of significant lode mineral deposits into metallogenic belts. Each section on a specific metallogenic belt contains: (1) a description of the significant mineral deposits; (2) a description of the host rocks for the significant lode deposits; and (3) an interpretation of the origin of, and tectonic controls for the host rocks and contained deposits and metallogenic belt(s). The report also provides: (1) metallogenic and tectonic definitions; (2) explanation of methodology; (3) list of mineral deposits models; (4) an integrated metallogenic and tectonic model for the Phanerozoic geologic history of the region; and (5) an extensive list of cited references for the geology, mineral deposits, metallogenesis, and tectonics of the region. The descriptions of sigrllficant mineral deposits in this report are adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997a), with additional data and revision from the authors. For British Columbia (southwest Canadian Cordillera), descriptions of significant mineral deposits are also revised with new data from MlNFlLE (2002). The Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera are commonly regarded as frontier areas in the world for the discovery of metalliferous lode and placer deposits. During the late 1800's and early 1900's, the region was subject to recurring ncvhes or sfnmpedes to sites of newly discovered deposits. During the last few decades, the region has been substantially explored
Page 1 and 2: I EUSGS science Ior a changing wwld
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 5 and 6: 5 : 3 . Kedon metall lo genic Belt
Page 7 and 8: Parson and Brisco Barite Vein and G
Page 9 and 10: Overview ..........................
Page 11 and 12: Chepak Granitoid-Related Au Deposit
Page 13 and 14: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 17: Au-Ag Epithermal Vein Deposits Asso
Page 22 and 23: and Byalobzhesky (1996). A volume c
Page 24 and 25: 1,079 significant mineral deposits
Page 26 and 27: Acknowledgements We thank the many
Page 28 and 29: 0 --mmm=oRuwrrrur ommmmarUaAll NEr-
Page 30 and 31: Figure 3. Generalized map of mtljor
Page 32 and 33: Archean granulite facies metamorphi
Page 34 and 35: Figure 5. Oroek sediment-h section
Page 36 and 37: 1 a a - --rich sandstone ~b-Qmg@ner
Page 38 and 39: Origin of and Tectonic Setting for
Page 40 and 41: occur in clastic and impure carbona
Page 42 and 43: Figure 7. Sullivan sedimentary-exha
Page 44 and 45: I 1997a, b, 1998). The massive sulf
Page 46 and 47: Ma which locally form extensive plu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 10. Gerbikanskoe vdcanogenic
Page 52 and 53: from crystalline basement of craton
Page 54 and 55: Figure 13. Howards Pass sedknenWy e
Page 56 and 57: McLean Arm Porphyry Cu-Mo District
Page 58 and 59: [..'......I Surfia'al deposits (Hol
Page 60 and 61: Figwe 16. GeneraCied map of major M
Page 62 and 63: .- *.-* *. . - - ---- -A - EARLY MI
Page 64 and 65: Metallogenic Belt Formed During Col
Page 68 and 69:
several tens of meters to 1,300 m l
Page 70 and 71:
Goldfarb (197) who interprets that
Page 72 and 73:
WTF and Red Mountain Kuroko Massive
Page 74 and 75:
interpreted by and as part of a ext
Page 76 and 77:
Mount Sicker Metallogenic Belt of K
Page 78 and 79:
interpreted as vents. The deposit c
Page 80 and 81:
Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
hosted in the Yarkhodon subterrane
Page 88 and 89:
origin of the younger Triassic(?) B
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Mississippian age of mineralizalioi
Page 94 and 95:
Monger and Nokleberg, 1996; Noklebe
Page 96 and 97:
1997a, b). Most of the magnesite an
Page 98 and 99:
FL - Finlayson Lakm FR-FmLake LI -
Page 100 and 101:
disseminations in chert, disseminat
Page 102 and 103:
U F~gure 32 GemMzed m p of mejw -ni
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terrane, and by the Stikine Assembl
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 110 and 111:
. I . r ; 4 ~ (9) During subduction
Page 112 and 113:
Eastern Alaska Range Metallogenic B
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individual flows range from 5 cm to
Page 116 and 117:
occurrence of turbiditic clastic ro
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along the with tectonically-related
Page 120 and 121:
: m- 3- w43 k M- u m u~u) mtl 'M~!A
Page 122 and 123:
island-arc volcanic rocks of the Ni
Page 124 and 125:
-- - //// EpldoW Figure 41. Nickel
Page 126 and 127:
(TC), and Toodoggone (TO) belts whi
Page 128 and 129:
(4) The Angayucham Ocean (Kobuck Se
Page 130 and 131:
lueschist units and the McHugh Comp
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Figure 46. Lawyers Au-Ag epitiefmel
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
(5) The Angayucham Ocean (Kobuck Se
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 49 Generaltzed map Of mbjm L
Page 142 and 143:
continental-margin terranes which w
Page 144 and 145:
Pokrovskoe Au-Ag Epithermal Vein De
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Granite-porphm and wanits W e ~~ hl
Page 150 and 151:
subordinate adularia, dolomite, cel
Page 152 and 153:
shale, basalt, plagiorhyolite, silt
Page 154 and 155:
ocks and serpentinite which occur a
Page 156 and 157:
interpreted as forming in the Juras
Page 158 and 159:
Fault / Figure 57. Bond Creek and O
Page 160 and 161:
Klukwan-Duke Metallogenic Bett of M
Page 162 and 163:
tonnes of ore mined between 1967 an
Page 164 and 165:
Cariboo Metallogenic Belt of Au Qua
Page 166 and 167:
Sheep Creek Au-Ag Polymetallic Vein
Page 168 and 169:
---. .% of the North American Conti
Page 170 and 171:
- OwiapaasembC Cmhmmmand Cemmcl. an
Page 172 and 173:
in the west-central part of the Rus
Page 174 and 175:
for about 850 krn (ZalishshaL ad oh
Page 176 and 177:
Stanovoy Metallogenic Belt of Grani
Page 178 and 179:
Goryachev, 1995, 1998, 2003) consis
Page 180 and 181:
Altinskoe, Aragochan, Dalnee, Dokhs
Page 182 and 183:
comprises up to 70-80% in some ore
Page 184 and 185:
The Au quartz vein deposits are int
Page 186 and 187:
leucogranite plutons form large, ho
Page 188 and 189:
+ , . Diorite phyry dike (Early ~ta
Page 190 and 191:
- . --- Origin of and Tectonic Cont
Page 192 and 193:
Britannia Metallogenic Belt of Kuro
Page 194 and 195:
Specific Events for Late Early Cret
Page 196 and 197:
Figure 73. Solnechnae Sin qu- ~d~ n
Page 198 and 199:
- Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
Page 200 and 201:
Nome Metallogenic Belt of Au Quartz
Page 202 and 203:
quartz vein deposits of the Souther
Page 204 and 205:
Selwyn Plutonjc Suite. The host roc
Page 206 and 207:
along the western end in the Eagle
Page 208 and 209:
101 Ma (K.M. Dawson, unpublished da
Page 210 and 211:
I Bayonne Metallogenic Belt of Porp
Page 212 and 213:
., (VV) belts. These zones and beb
Page 214 and 215:
I (2) The East Sikhote-Alin (es) co
Page 216 and 217:
Metallogenic Belt Formed in Late Me
Page 218 and 219:
The Pb-Zn polyrnetallu: vein depb a
Page 220 and 221:
olistolith. The deposit is currentl
Page 222 and 223:
the core of the veins, chlorite, Mn
Page 224 and 225:
Tayozhnoe Ag Epithermal Vein Deposi
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 90. lskra deposit Sn polyrne
Page 228 and 229:
- El (Late ~re&ceous) I+ we cmm=s)
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 93. Mnogovershinnoe AMq @pWw
Page 232 and 233:
immed by wehrlite, olivine-magnetit
Page 234 and 235:
Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 236 and 237:
which would be hosted in the early
Page 238 and 239:
Etandzha Porphyry Cu-Mo and Muromet
Page 240 and 241:
0- / Fadt . . Au veins and pods Fig
Page 242 and 243:
Sentachan Clastic-Sediment-Hosted A
Page 244 and 245:
I I I Undifferentiated vdcanic and
Page 246 and 247:
.r . : . -d ' . . ,, $44 . assembla
Page 248 and 249:
closure, the Chukotka supertca&c wa
Page 250 and 251:
- Mgh anglefau#or prsminant Fitwar
Page 252 and 253:
intrude and crosscut both the relat
Page 254 and 255:
Figure 101 8. Ke~ecolt &4W d KemwaI
Page 256 and 257:
Figure 103. Generalized map of majo
Page 258 and 259:
metallogenic belt (SP) which contai
Page 260 and 261:
Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 262 and 263:
Valunistoe Au-Ag Epithermal Vein De
Page 264 and 265:
Lost River Sn-W Skarn and Sn Greise
Page 266 and 267:
Wheeler Creek, Clear Creek, and Zan
Page 268 and 269:
Au veln,and hots spring deposits at
Page 270 and 271:
Chicken Mountain Cu-Au Deposit The
Page 272 and 273:
Chip sample location - Fault / Cont
Page 274 and 275:
A proximate laatbm c#f C h # d ~nar
Page 276 and 277:
0.03 1% Mo; and (3) for a hypogene
Page 278 and 279:
others, 1994c. 1997~). The granitoi
Page 280 and 281:
Cross section - - South greisen zon
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
198 1). The mine at the deposit pro
Page 286 and 287:
Beatson (Latouche) and Ellamar Bess
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
CRETACEOUS Mount Leonard St& gueYtr
Page 292 and 293:
n pJ pRanens. Pd-dc i3 Meeomic .---
Page 294 and 295:
Figure 120. Huckleberry porphyry Cu
Page 296 and 297:
0.15% Cu (ox), 0.127 g/t Au, and 0.
Page 298 and 299:
Zone are 188 million tonnes grading
Page 300 and 301:
Kitsault (B.C. Moly) Porphyry Mo De
Page 302 and 303:
million tonnes grading 0.42% Cu, 0.
Page 304 and 305:
extension. The Coryell Suite is int
Page 306 and 307:
elated deposits. Forming in the bac
Page 308 and 309:
Metallogenic Belts Formed in Tertia
Page 310 and 311:
Hg Deposits Hg deposits occur throu
Page 312 and 313:
Maletoivayam Sulfur-Sulfide Deposit
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
(5) A major orthogonal junction for
Page 318 and 319:
Metallogenic Belts Formed in Tertia
Page 320 and 321:
occur in these tabular, altered sil
Page 322 and 323:
summarlzed above are used by analog
Page 324 and 325:
the Aleutian volcanic belt. The Yak
Page 326 and 327:
metamorphism, anatectic granites, a
Page 328 and 329:
References Cited Abbott, G., 1981,
Page 330 and 331:
Society of America Abstracts with P
Page 332 and 333:
Sciences, North-Eastern lnterdiscip
Page 334 and 335:
Burgoyne, A.A., 1986, geology and e
Page 336 and 337:
Canadian Cordillera, Yukon-northeas
Page 338 and 339:
the Koryak Highlands: Transactions
Page 340 and 341:
during 1984: U.S. Geological Survey
Page 342 and 343:
Northeast Scientific Intergrated Re
Page 344 and 345:
House, G.D., and Ainsworth, B., 199
Page 346 and 347:
International Field Conference in V
Page 348 and 349:
lithosphere in flood basalt genesis
Page 350 and 351:
MacKevett, E.M., Jr., 1978, Geologi
Page 352 and 353:
Miller, M.L., Bundtzen, T.K., and K
Page 354 and 355:
Nekrasov, I.Ya., 1995, Genetic type
Page 357 and 358:
Pakhomova, V.. Silyanik, V., Popov,
Page 359 and 360:
Pollack, John, 1997, Summary report
Page 361 and 362:
1993: British Columbia Geological S
Page 363 and 364:
Schroeter, T.G., 1987, Golden Bear
Page 365 and 366:
Geology of the Liese zone, Pogo pro
Page 367 and 368:
Colorado, Geological Society of Ame
Page 369 and 370:
lnstitute of Mining and Metallurgy
Page 371 and 372:
Anorthosite apatite-Ti-Fe Gabbroic
Page 373 and 374:
TABLE 2. Summary of correlations an
Page 375 and 376:
TABLE 2. Summary of correlations an
Page 377 and 378:
9! TABLE ectonic environment of Pro
Page 379 and 380:
(Abbreviation) Rassokha (RA) Dzhard
Page 381 and 382:
Metallogenic Belt (Abbreviation) Be
Page 383 and 384:
Major Mineral Deposits Types. Envir
Page 385 and 386:
(Abbreviation) Guichon (GU) I Belt
Page 387 and 388:
Major Mineral Deposits Types. Envir
Page 389 and 390:
(Abbreviation) (Significant Mineral
Page 391 and 392:
(Abbreviation) Adycha-Taryn (EAAT)
Page 393 and 394:
~etallo~enic Belt Major Mineral Dep
Page 395 and 396:
Metallogenic Belt (Abbreviation) Ca
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TABLE 4. Significant lode deposits,
Page 399 and 400:
Mineral Deposit Model Major Metals
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Deposit Name Mineral Deposit Model
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Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
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Deposit Nmme Mineral Deposit Model
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p;. ;A'..* Deposit Name Mineral Dep
Page 421 and 422:
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De~osit Name Mineral Deposit Model
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