Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and ...

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1997a, b). Most of the magnesite and barite deposits in the belt are hosted primarily in Cambrian carbonate units. Ln southeastern British Columbia, the belt contains a major group of gypsum mines which are hosted in Devonian strata. Also occuning in thc belr are local magnesite, and Zn-Pb deposits, as at Kicking Horse. Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) Chemical-Sedimentary Gypsum Deposit The Windermere Creek (Westem Gypsum) chemical-sedimentary gypsum deposit consists of gypsum and anbydrite which underlie basal carbonate strata of the Devonian Bumis Fmtion (5ritish Columbia Departmeat of Mines and Petroleum Resources, 199 1 ; MINFILE, 2002). The deposit and relaled occurrences form a belt which extends 80 lun from Windermere Creek southeastward to Kootenay River md Ldcr River. Estimated reserves range from 7 to 12 million tomes of ore grading 90% gypsum. About 6.8 million tonnes of ore has been produced at four open-pit operations. A synsdmf:ntrvy wapaPib origin is interpreted for the deposib md for gypsum in concordant beds dolostone of the Late Triassic Whitehorse Formation at Forgetmenot Pass. Marysville and Mount BrusaiW (Baymag) ChemicaE-Sedimentary Megnesite Deposits These chemical-sedirnedary mqgesite deposits consist of conformable, interbedded mgmsite which is hosted within quartzites of the upper 100 m of the Early Cambrian Cranbrook Formation (Grant, 1987; Simandl and Hbcock, 1999; MNFILE. 2002). The thickest beds range up to approximately 15 metas thick and are exposed ova a strike length of 5.5 Ism. The average grade is 40 to 45% MgO. Chemical-dunentary magnwik forms extensive replacements of carbonates of the Middle Cambrian Cathedral Formation at the Maunt Brussilof (Baymag) deposit (Grant, 1987; Sirnandl md Haocock, 1991; MMFLE, 2002). Estimated reserves are 40.7 rnillion tonnes grading 92.4% to 95% MgO. Parson and Brisco Barite Vein and Gypsum Deposits The Parson barite vein deposit cans& of barhe and lesser gypsum in vein aad breccia fillings in Early Cambrian quartzite which is underlain by dolmt~ne and M e witch, 1991; MWFILE, 2002). The mine at Paason produced 75,000 tome$ of barite at unspecified m e from two pa~allel veim between 1957 md 1988. Tbe BBrisco vein and breccia deposit oceurs in a breccia zone in Ordovician dolosbne (Reesor, l!?73; MWFILE, 2002). Between 1947 and 1973 the mine at the *sit produced 140,000 tonnes grading 98% barite. In both cases, early Pdeozoic replacement is interpreted Origin of and Tectonic Setting for Southern Rocky Mountains Metallogenic Belt The Southern Rocky Mmmhim uWaIloSen;c belt w~Lrrins a diverse age group of large, stretdxmad and stratiform deposits of gypsum-anhydrite, barite, and magncsib. From oldest ta youngest, the ages olnd modes of f o d m of the s i ~ deposits ~ t are: (1) early Paleozoic replacement hr Sonnarion 04 Fkmn Bb vein deposit; (2) Cambrian synsdimentary &position of stratiform Marysville chemical-sedimentary magmite deposit; (3) Middle Cambrian r-nt Eor formation of Mount Brussilof chemical-sedimentary magnpsite deposit; (4) Ordovician replacement for formation of Brim Ba vein deposit; and (5) Devonian synsedimenury deposition of stratiform Winhare Creek chemical-sedimentary gypswl deposit. A few deposits am also interpreted as forming in either the la& Paleozoic or Triassic (Nokleberg and others, 1997a, b)& From this short list, at Icest two major origins exist, either stratifarm evaporate-related deposits, or replacement vein deposits which formed over a long geologic history. With huther study, the Southem Rocky Mountains metallogenic belt may be divided into several metallogenic *-i belts which formed during several tectonic events whicb rfFected the passive continental margin sedimenbzuy mks of the North American Craton Margin. '4y.r Mississippian MetaYoganic Bells ~~(f4;.,=. (360 to 320 Ma; Figures 16,17) . - * Overview 'L' 2 - #-- - - The Mississipjian metallogenic belts in the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadlan CordiiIera are ammmizd in table 3 and portrayed oo figures 16 and 17. The major belt was the Northwestern Brooks Range (NBR) belt of SEDEX ZB-Pb aacl bedded barite deposits which is haled in the Arctic Almka superternme. Thb belt is interpreted as f d g dwbg Mississippian- Pennsylvanian back-alr: spreading along North Amkcao Craton Margin. Continuing on from the Middle and Late Devanian were the Berezovka River (BE), Selennyakh River (SEL), SettoDeban (SD), U d m and Sudar Rivers (URS), Kedon (ICE), Yarkhodon (YR), Northern Cordillera (NCO), Macrnillan Pass (MP), Finlayson Lake (FL), and Gataga (GA) metallogenic belts. In the below descriptions of metallogenic bells, a few the ndetble or significant lode deposits (table 4) -are described for each beit.
Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Mississippian (360 to 320 Ma; Figure 29) During the Mississippian (360 to 320 Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were (table 3): (1) separation of North Asian and North American Cratons and Cratons Margins along a series of oblique-sinistral rifts; (2) ending of rifting of fragments from cratons and their margins and formation of associated metallogenic belts; (3) continuation of the Sicker arc and associated subduction in the Wrangellia superterrane. Sedimentation continued along the North Asian and North American Craton Margins. Specific Events for Mississippian (1) From the late Devonian and to the Early Mississippian, rifting occurred along the eastern margin of the North Asian Craton Margin (NSV, KN). This event formed the Kotelnyi (KT), Omulevka (OV), Prikolyma (PR), Nixon Fork-Dillinger-Mystic (NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolotogorskiy (ZL) passive continental-margin terranes, the Avekova (AK), Kilbuck-Idono (KI), Okhotsk (OK), and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes, and the Beryozovka (BE), Oloy (OL), and Yarakvaam (YA) terranes. Before the rifling, these terranes were parts of either the North Asian Craton (NSC), the North Asian Craton Margin (NSV), or the Devonian continental-margin arc which formed along the margins of the North American and North Asian Craton Margins (fig. 29). The newly-created terranes remained into the Angayucham Ocean. Derived from the North Asian Craton (NSC) and Craton Margin (NSV) were the Kotelnyi (KT), Omulevka (OV), Prikolyma (PR), Nixon Fork-Dillinger-Mystic (NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolotogorskiy (ZL) passive continental-margin terranes, the Avekova (AK), Kilbuck-Idono (Kl), Okhotsk (OK), and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes. Derived from the Devonian continental-margin arc which formed along the margins of the North Asian Craton Margin were the Beryozovka (BE), Oloy (OL), and Yarakvaam (YA) terranes (fig. 29). Derived from the North American Craton Margin (NAM) were the Kootenay (KO) and Yukon-Tanana (YT) passive continental-margin terranes. Accompanying the rifting was formation of the Northwestern Berezovka River (BE), Brooks Range (NBR), Dempster (DE), Finlayson Lake (FL), Gataga (GA), Northern Cordillera (NCO), Macmillan Pass (MP), older part of Mystic (MY), Selennyakh River (SEL), Sette-Daban (SD), Southern Rocky Mountain (SRM), Tomrnot River (TO), and Urultun and Sudar Rivers (URS) metallogenic belts which all contain massive sulfide, carbonatite-related Nb, Ta, and REE, and related deposits. (2) Movement along a series of oblique-sinistral rifts resulted in the separation of North Asian and North American Cratons and Cratons Margins. (3) The Kedon continental margin arc and associated subduction zone continued activity along the margin of the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin (NSC, NSV) until about the late Early Mississippian. Associated with the arc was subduction of the older part of the Galam (GL) accretionary wedge terrane. Remnants of the arc are preserved in the in part of the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin (NSC, NSV, KN (2) units which overlie parts of the Okhotsk (OK), Akekova (AK), Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes; (3) the Oloy (OL) and Yarakvaam (YA) island-arc terranes; and (4) the Beryozovka (BE) turbidite-basin terrane. (4) The Sicker island arc, which formed in the Devonian along most of the length of the Wrangellia superterrane (WRA) ceased activity. Insufficient data exist to ascertain the relative positions of the Wrangellia superterrane. Metallogenic Belt Formed During Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Back-Arc Spreading Along North American Craton Margin Northwestern Brooks Range Metallogenic Belt of SEDEX Zn-Pb, Bedded Barite, Kuroko Massive Sulfide, and Sulfide Vein Deposits (Belt NBR) Northwestern Alaska The major Northwestern Brooks Range metallogenic belt of large SEDEX Zn-Pb-Ag (SEDEX), kuroko massive sulfide, bedded barite, and sulfide vein deposits (fig. 17; tables 3,4) occurs in northwestern Alaska. The metallogenic belt is hosted in the Kagvik sequence in the Endicott Mountains passive continental margin terrane of the Arctic Alaska superterrane (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997~). The belt extends along strike for more than 200 km. Locally associated with the SEDEX deposits are vein sulfide deposits. The larger SEDEX Zn-Pb-Ag deposits are at Lik and the Red Dog Creek deposit, a world-class mine of zinc and lead (Schmidt, 1997a), and the Drenchwater Creek kuroko-massive sulfide deposit (Nokleberg and Winkler, 1982; Lange and others, 1985). Other deposits in the belt are the Hannum Creek metamorphosed SEDEX Zn-Pb? deposit, the Omar Kipushi Cu-Pb- Zn deposit, the Frost, Story Creek, and Whoopee Creek Cu-Zn-Pb-Ba sulfide vein deposits, and the Nimiuktiik bedded barite deposit (table 4) (Nokleberg and others 1997a, b, 1998).
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I EUSGS science Ior a changing wwld
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CONTENTS Abstract .................
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5 : 3 . Kedon metall lo genic Belt
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Parson and Brisco Barite Vein and G
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Overview ..........................
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Chepak Granitoid-Related Au Deposit
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Page 17 and 18:
Au-Ag Epithermal Vein Deposits Asso
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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and Byalobzhesky (1996). A volume c
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1,079 significant mineral deposits
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Acknowledgements We thank the many
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0 --mmm=oRuwrrrur ommmmarUaAll NEr-
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Figure 3. Generalized map of mtljor
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Archean granulite facies metamorphi
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Figure 5. Oroek sediment-h section
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1 a a - --rich sandstone ~b-Qmg@ner
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Origin of and Tectonic Setting for
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occur in clastic and impure carbona
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Figure 7. Sullivan sedimentary-exha
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I 1997a, b, 1998). The massive sulf
Page 46 and 47: Ma which locally form extensive plu
Page 48 and 49: Figure 10. Gerbikanskoe vdcanogenic
Page 50 and 51: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 52 and 53: from crystalline basement of craton
Page 54 and 55: Figure 13. Howards Pass sedknenWy e
Page 56 and 57: McLean Arm Porphyry Cu-Mo District
Page 58 and 59: [..'......I Surfia'al deposits (Hol
Page 60 and 61: Figwe 16. GeneraCied map of major M
Page 62 and 63: .- *.-* *. . - - ---- -A - EARLY MI
Page 64 and 65: Metallogenic Belt Formed During Col
Page 68 and 69: several tens of meters to 1,300 m l
Page 70 and 71: Goldfarb (197) who interprets that
Page 72 and 73: WTF and Red Mountain Kuroko Massive
Page 74 and 75: interpreted by and as part of a ext
Page 76 and 77: Mount Sicker Metallogenic Belt of K
Page 78 and 79: interpreted as vents. The deposit c
Page 86 and 87: hosted in the Yarkhodon subterrane
Page 88 and 89: origin of the younger Triassic(?) B
Page 92 and 93: Mississippian age of mineralizalioi
Page 94 and 95: Monger and Nokleberg, 1996; Noklebe
Page 98 and 99: FL - Finlayson Lakm FR-FmLake LI -
Page 100 and 101: disseminations in chert, disseminat
Page 102 and 103: U F~gure 32 GemMzed m p of mejw -ni
Page 104 and 105: terrane, and by the Stikine Assembl
Page 108 and 109: Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 110 and 111: . I . r ; 4 ~ (9) During subduction
Page 112 and 113: Eastern Alaska Range Metallogenic B
Page 114 and 115: individual flows range from 5 cm to
Page 116 and 117: occurrence of turbiditic clastic ro
Page 118 and 119: along the with tectonically-related
Page 120 and 121: : m- 3- w43 k M- u m u~u) mtl 'M~!A
Page 122 and 123: island-arc volcanic rocks of the Ni
Page 124 and 125: -- - //// EpldoW Figure 41. Nickel
Page 126 and 127: (TC), and Toodoggone (TO) belts whi
Page 128 and 129: (4) The Angayucham Ocean (Kobuck Se
Page 130 and 131: lueschist units and the McHugh Comp
Page 134 and 135: Figure 46. Lawyers Au-Ag epitiefmel
Page 138 and 139: (5) The Angayucham Ocean (Kobuck Se
Page 140 and 141: Figure 49 Generaltzed map Of mbjm L
Page 142 and 143: continental-margin terranes which w
Page 144 and 145: Pokrovskoe Au-Ag Epithermal Vein De
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Granite-porphm and wanits W e ~~ hl
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subordinate adularia, dolomite, cel
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shale, basalt, plagiorhyolite, silt
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ocks and serpentinite which occur a
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interpreted as forming in the Juras
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Fault / Figure 57. Bond Creek and O
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Klukwan-Duke Metallogenic Bett of M
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tonnes of ore mined between 1967 an
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Cariboo Metallogenic Belt of Au Qua
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Sheep Creek Au-Ag Polymetallic Vein
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---. .% of the North American Conti
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- OwiapaasembC Cmhmmmand Cemmcl. an
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in the west-central part of the Rus
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for about 850 krn (ZalishshaL ad oh
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Stanovoy Metallogenic Belt of Grani
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Goryachev, 1995, 1998, 2003) consis
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Altinskoe, Aragochan, Dalnee, Dokhs
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comprises up to 70-80% in some ore
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The Au quartz vein deposits are int
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leucogranite plutons form large, ho
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+ , . Diorite phyry dike (Early ~ta
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- . --- Origin of and Tectonic Cont
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Britannia Metallogenic Belt of Kuro
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Specific Events for Late Early Cret
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Figure 73. Solnechnae Sin qu- ~d~ n
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- Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
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Nome Metallogenic Belt of Au Quartz
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quartz vein deposits of the Souther
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Selwyn Plutonjc Suite. The host roc
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along the western end in the Eagle
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101 Ma (K.M. Dawson, unpublished da
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I Bayonne Metallogenic Belt of Porp
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., (VV) belts. These zones and beb
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I (2) The East Sikhote-Alin (es) co
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Metallogenic Belt Formed in Late Me
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The Pb-Zn polyrnetallu: vein depb a
Page 220 and 221:
olistolith. The deposit is currentl
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the core of the veins, chlorite, Mn
Page 224 and 225:
Tayozhnoe Ag Epithermal Vein Deposi
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Figure 90. lskra deposit Sn polyrne
Page 228 and 229:
- El (Late ~re&ceous) I+ we cmm=s)
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 93. Mnogovershinnoe AMq @pWw
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immed by wehrlite, olivine-magnetit
Page 234 and 235:
Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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which would be hosted in the early
Page 238 and 239:
Etandzha Porphyry Cu-Mo and Muromet
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0- / Fadt . . Au veins and pods Fig
Page 242 and 243:
Sentachan Clastic-Sediment-Hosted A
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I I I Undifferentiated vdcanic and
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.r . : . -d ' . . ,, $44 . assembla
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closure, the Chukotka supertca&c wa
Page 250 and 251:
- Mgh anglefau#or prsminant Fitwar
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intrude and crosscut both the relat
Page 254 and 255:
Figure 101 8. Ke~ecolt &4W d KemwaI
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Figure 103. Generalized map of majo
Page 258 and 259:
metallogenic belt (SP) which contai
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 262 and 263:
Valunistoe Au-Ag Epithermal Vein De
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Lost River Sn-W Skarn and Sn Greise
Page 266 and 267:
Wheeler Creek, Clear Creek, and Zan
Page 268 and 269:
Au veln,and hots spring deposits at
Page 270 and 271:
Chicken Mountain Cu-Au Deposit The
Page 272 and 273:
Chip sample location - Fault / Cont
Page 274 and 275:
A proximate laatbm c#f C h # d ~nar
Page 276 and 277:
0.03 1% Mo; and (3) for a hypogene
Page 278 and 279:
others, 1994c. 1997~). The granitoi
Page 280 and 281:
Cross section - - South greisen zon
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
198 1). The mine at the deposit pro
Page 286 and 287:
Beatson (Latouche) and Ellamar Bess
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
CRETACEOUS Mount Leonard St& gueYtr
Page 292 and 293:
n pJ pRanens. Pd-dc i3 Meeomic .---
Page 294 and 295:
Figure 120. Huckleberry porphyry Cu
Page 296 and 297:
0.15% Cu (ox), 0.127 g/t Au, and 0.
Page 298 and 299:
Zone are 188 million tonnes grading
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Kitsault (B.C. Moly) Porphyry Mo De
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million tonnes grading 0.42% Cu, 0.
Page 304 and 305:
extension. The Coryell Suite is int
Page 306 and 307:
elated deposits. Forming in the bac
Page 308 and 309:
Metallogenic Belts Formed in Tertia
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Hg Deposits Hg deposits occur throu
Page 312 and 313:
Maletoivayam Sulfur-Sulfide Deposit
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
(5) A major orthogonal junction for
Page 318 and 319:
Metallogenic Belts Formed in Tertia
Page 320 and 321:
occur in these tabular, altered sil
Page 322 and 323:
summarlzed above are used by analog
Page 324 and 325:
the Aleutian volcanic belt. The Yak
Page 326 and 327:
metamorphism, anatectic granites, a
Page 328 and 329:
References Cited Abbott, G., 1981,
Page 330 and 331:
Society of America Abstracts with P
Page 332 and 333:
Sciences, North-Eastern lnterdiscip
Page 334 and 335:
Burgoyne, A.A., 1986, geology and e
Page 336 and 337:
Canadian Cordillera, Yukon-northeas
Page 338 and 339:
the Koryak Highlands: Transactions
Page 340 and 341:
during 1984: U.S. Geological Survey
Page 342 and 343:
Northeast Scientific Intergrated Re
Page 344 and 345:
House, G.D., and Ainsworth, B., 199
Page 346 and 347:
International Field Conference in V
Page 348 and 349:
lithosphere in flood basalt genesis
Page 350 and 351:
MacKevett, E.M., Jr., 1978, Geologi
Page 352 and 353:
Miller, M.L., Bundtzen, T.K., and K
Page 354 and 355:
Nekrasov, I.Ya., 1995, Genetic type
Page 357 and 358:
Pakhomova, V.. Silyanik, V., Popov,
Page 359 and 360:
Pollack, John, 1997, Summary report
Page 361 and 362:
1993: British Columbia Geological S
Page 363 and 364:
Schroeter, T.G., 1987, Golden Bear
Page 365 and 366:
Geology of the Liese zone, Pogo pro
Page 367 and 368:
Colorado, Geological Society of Ame
Page 369 and 370:
lnstitute of Mining and Metallurgy
Page 371 and 372:
Anorthosite apatite-Ti-Fe Gabbroic
Page 373 and 374:
TABLE 2. Summary of correlations an
Page 375 and 376:
TABLE 2. Summary of correlations an
Page 377 and 378:
9! TABLE ectonic environment of Pro
Page 379 and 380:
(Abbreviation) Rassokha (RA) Dzhard
Page 381 and 382:
Metallogenic Belt (Abbreviation) Be
Page 383 and 384:
Major Mineral Deposits Types. Envir
Page 385 and 386:
(Abbreviation) Guichon (GU) I Belt
Page 387 and 388:
Major Mineral Deposits Types. Envir
Page 389 and 390:
(Abbreviation) (Significant Mineral
Page 391 and 392:
(Abbreviation) Adycha-Taryn (EAAT)
Page 393 and 394:
~etallo~enic Belt Major Mineral Dep
Page 395 and 396:
Metallogenic Belt (Abbreviation) Ca
Page 397 and 398:
TABLE 4. Significant lode deposits,
Page 399 and 400:
Mineral Deposit Model Major Metals
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Deposit Name Mineral Deposit Model
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Deposit Nmme Mineral Deposit Model
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p;. ;A'..* Deposit Name Mineral Dep
Page 421 and 422:
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De~osit Name Mineral Deposit Model
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