Arkell.1956.Jurassic..

630 GENERAL SURVEY
Sikhota Alin and northern China (p. 509). In Japan volcanic activity
in the Jurassic was slight, being represented only by tuffs in thin lenticles
in the early-Upper Jurassic of Rikuzen and the Hida plateau (Honshu).
In Indonesia water-laid tuffs and lapillae on Bum and Misol are
accurately dated to the Upper Oxfordian. Probably of the same date are
thick volcanic breccias and eruptive igneous rocks on Buru. In New
Zealand tuffs occur in the Jurassic of both islands but volcanic signs are
inconspicuous, perhaps because volcanoes were not close to surviving
outcrops. In Australia a variety of lavas and pyroclastics are interbedded
near the bottom of the Jurassic lake-beds in Queensland, and olivine
basalts occur in the upper part of the series in New South Wales (p. 462).
The Tethys of Eurasia and North Africa can show little on the scale of
the volcanic activity on the east and north sides of the Pacific ring. The
eastern half, from Indonesia to the frontier of Persia, shows no volcanic
rocks at all. Although it now contains the highest mountains in the
world, this tract, as already remarked (p. 624) displays few geosynclinal
characters in the Jurassic. In the Zagros Mountains radiolarites in the
zone of overthrusting are associated with basic igneous rocks, both
extrusive and intrusive, as in the ophiolite zone of the Alps. Volcanic
rocks also occur in the Mekran hinterland (p. 380).
The only focus of Jurassic volcanism in the Old World comparable with
the Pacific seaboard of the Americas was in the Caucasus ranges, the
Little Caucasus, Azerbaijan and Crimea. Here the activity was mainly
of Bajocian date, though in the Araxes valley (p. 365) it came to an end
before the Middle Bajocian. In the southern Caucasus and Little Caucasus
thick porphyritic lavas and tuffs, with tuff breccias, are interbedded over
wide areas among sandstones and shales with Middle Bajocian ammonites
(p. 357). In Georgia the thickness reaches 2000 m. (Vassoyevich &
others, 1937, p. 12); even 3000 m. has been estimated here (Mokrinski,
1939, p. 509) and also in the Little Caucasus (Leontyey, 1950). In some
places activity is said to have begun in the Lower Bajocian. Three
petrographic zones are recognized: a central zone mainly basaltic, a
northern zone andesitic-dacitic, a southern zone essentially andesitic
(Lebedev, 1947). The volcanic series may go up into the Bathonian
and in some places probably spans the Middle Jurassic less Callovian.
In Sicily widespread marine tuffs occur in the Middle Jurassic and in
at least one place Upper Bajocian ammonites have been obtained from
them (p. 209).
In the Crimea there was a longer history of volcanic activity. Following
intrusions after the Pliensbachian and probably also after the Toarcian,
there were three successive periods of eruption of submarine andesites,
agglomerates and tuffs during the Middle Jurassic with Callovian. In
the Balaclava area there is also a tuff bed of Tithonian or Lower Cretaceous
date. The Middle and Upper Jurassic eruptions are of both fissure and
central type and there are indications of at least five volcanoes (Federovitch,
1927).
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