Arkell.1956.Jurassic..

NORTH-EASTERN ALPS AND NORTHERN CARPATHIANS 163
the main orogeny was Cretaceous; outside, in the fiysch zone, mainly
Tertiary.
The Pienid or Inner Klippes of the western Carpathians number about
5000 and range in size from small blocks, some of which have been entirely
removed by quarrying, to mountains 7 or 8 miles long. They consist
mainly of Jurassic rocks, but Lower Cretaceous is also present, and
occasionally Trias. Two contrasted types are represented: a Pienid facies,
in which there is a continuous suite from Upper Trias to Neocomian,
and a Subpienid, in which Bajocian rests disconformably on Trias or older
rocks and the facies is more notably shallow-water, with sedimentary
breaks. In the klippes both suites are inextricably mixed, although they
must have different origins, in a trough and swell region respectively.
The mode of formation of the Pienid klippes is one of the unsolved
problems of geology. Uhlig (1907) considered them remains of a burst
anticline. Later authors have regarded them as fragments of a breaking
tectonic wave at the brow of an advancing Tatric nappe. In the latest
cross-sections (Ksiazkiewicz & others, 1953) they look more like the pips
and contents forced from a squeezed tomato—a geosyncline squashed by
lateral compression.
Within the inner Carpathians Jurassic rocks also occur in two facies:
a thrust-travelled 'Sub-Tatra Series', and a parautochthonous 'High
Tatra Series' from which the Lower Jurassic is sometimes missing, as in
the Subpienid klippes.
For a clear and factual account of Carpathian geology the classics by
Uhlig (1897, 1903, 1907) are still indispensable. More recent syntheses
are available by Voitesti (1929) and Stille (1953) and, for readers of
Polish, by Ksiazkiewicz & others (1953). The last two works have
extensive bibliographies.
UPPER TITHONIAN
Stramberg Limestone. Zone of Virgatosphinctes transitorius (so named
by Neumayr, 18710, p. 517). The mountain at Stramberg is a triangular
mass of white limestone with sides 1-5 km. long, which rises as an exotic
block from a Cretaceous terrane in the outer klippe chain of Moravia.
The limestone is largely of reef facies although corals are poorly preserved
and not always conspicuous, and the occurrence was once explained as an
isolated reef which grew up from a buried Jurassic sea floor. It early
became famous for its fossils through exploitation of the limestone as a
flux in Teschen iron-works. The largest quarry is seen in plate ga.
Collections made by a former director, Hohenegger, were studied by
Oppel, who published a catalogue of the ammonites with many new names
(Oppel, 1865) but died before finishing his projected monograph, which
was completed by Zittel (1868). The gastropods were also monographed
by Zittel (1873) and the pelecypods by Boehm (1883). There was an
early monograph on the brachiopods by Suess, and other groups have
formed the subject of special studies since. A discussion of the fauna
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