Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE TO SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Nigeria’s first case of HIV&AIDS was reported in 1986 with the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female hawker. Since then, the prevalence of HIV has increased from 1.8 per cent in 1990 to five per cent in 2003 (see chart 4.1). In 2001, a federal survey showed that 5.8 per cent of the population (or 7.5 million people) had tested positive for HIV—in other words, six out of every 100 Nigerians, including over one million children. Today, Nigeria ranks among the countries at risk 1 of the next stage of the HIV&AIDS pandemic, when prevalence rates begin to skyrocket. It has the third largest number of people living with HIV&AIDS in the world (UNICEF 2003), and the highest number of orphans from AIDS (UNAIDS 2002), estimated at about 1.2 million in 2003. Between 1986 and June 2001, 52,962 AIDS cases were recorded in Nigeria, although this is a gross underestimation due to under-reporting by private health facilities, the fear of stigma, under-diagnosis and the limited use of health care facilities (Government of Nigeria 1999). AIDS deaths in the country were projected to be as high as 850,000 adults and children by the end of 2001 (Government of Nigeria 2002: 6). Current UNAIDS estimates indicate that as many as 3.5 million Nigerians may be living with AIDS. These grim statistics are only the proverbial tip of the iceberg, however (Alubo et al. 2002: 118). Worsening mortality is reversing gains in life expectancy accomplished over decades through programmes like the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Rural impoverishment has steadily worsened as the epidemic intensifies the ratio between dependents and workers. These trends make the development implications of HIV&AIDS very grave. The pandemic poses the most significant threat to government planning aspirations in Nigeria. Across Africa, the HIV&AIDS pandemic is widely acknowledged as probably the greatest medical, humanitarian and developmental crisis that the continent has ever known (see box 4.1). In the Niger Delta, when combined with the prospects for an eco-catastrophe, the crisis is potentially devastating. The epidemic impedes sustainable human development by destroying the family as the basic unit of society; weakening the educational system, which nurtures the next generation of leaders; threatening agricultural productivity and food security; impeding industrial capacity; and overwhelming the health care system. The disease erodes human capacity, which is a principal building block for development, by raising attrition among farmers, teachers and other groups to rates that cannot be managed. This is a critical problem because, as discussed in chapter six, human capital is a necessary asset for sustainable livelihoods. HIV&AIDS stands apart from other diseases because of the scale of its morbidity and mortality, as well as the patterns of contagion primarily among people in the 15- to 50-year age group. The effects of long illness and premature death within the economically active workforce have profound economic implications, causing acute labour shortages at household and community levels; altering established relations between labour, land and capital; changing established community patterns in the transmission of agricultural knowledge between generations; and distorting the age range of agricultural workers. A high rate of HIV&AIDS also leads to irreversible drops in rural household assets 1 A country is at high risk of an explosion of the disease when the HIV prevalence rate is more than five per cent. The size of the affected population is another important factor. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT The HIV&AIDS pandemic poses the most significant threat to government planning aspirations in Nigeria. In the Niger Delta, when combined with the prospects for an ecocatastrophe, the crisis is potentially devastating. 93
and reversals in rural capital flows. It offsets the balance in strategic rural migration patterns and triggers response strategies that undermine individual and community well-being. Community structures weaken and safety nets are Chart 4.1: National HIV Prevalence Increase from 1991 to 2003 Box 4.1: The Challenge of HIV&AIDS in Africa Africa is currently faced with a grave and degenerative crisis under HIV&AIDS. Available statistics show that nine out of every 10 new cases of HIV occur in Africa. AIDS is not only “the deadliest epidemic in continental history, but also a major demographic, humanitarian, and development crisis” (Gaigbe-Togbe and Weinberger 2003: 1). By the end of 2002, 42 million people worldwide were infected with HIV, with 25 million already dead from AIDS. About 95 per cent of this total is in the less industrialized world. An estimated 13 million AIDS orphans currently live in sub- Saharan Africa alone. In 38 African countries (including Nigeria), the United Nations Population Division explicitly incorporated the impact of AIDS into its 2002 population projections. It estimated the total population at 603 million in 1995, with 16 million fewer people than without AIDS. By 2025, the population of these 38 countries is projected to reach 983 million, a 14 per cent shortfall. Average life expectancy at birth has already fallen by 10 years in the most affected countries—that is, those with an adult HIV prevalence of 20 per cent or more (UN 2003). 2 The 1995-2000 average life expectancy is estimated at 47 years for these countries, a six-year drop due to AIDS. By 2020-2025, life expectancy is projected to reach only 52 years, or 10 years less than could otherwise be predicted. strained. The resilience of farming and livelihood systems diminishes, vulnerability to food shortages increases, and households have less of a capacity to recover from disasters that occur. In dealing with the burdens from HIV&AIDS, people lose time and opportunities they might otherwise have had in a world without this disease. THE PREVALENCE OF HIV&AIDS IN THE NIGER DELTA The prevalence of HIV&AIDS in the Niger Delta is among the highest in the country, higher than the average for Nigeria as a whole (see table 4.1 and chart 4.2). The 2003 sentinel survey rated the South- South region as having the second highest prevalence (5.8 per cent), after the North Central zone with seven per cent. This result is alarming compared to the South- West at 2.3 per cent and the North-West at 4.2 per cent (see chart 4.3). The delta has an average prevalence rate of 5.3 per cent, compared to the national average of 94 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71: gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 106 and 107: five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111: Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121: One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
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drawing other industries to their l
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appropriate investment promotion me
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CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
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Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
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cushions the state’s economy agai
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purposes, and the property rights o
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tertiary schools, and for different
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identification of the potentials fo
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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
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In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
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4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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air caused by gas flares, the degra
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6 • appropriate and timely compen
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uild institutions for sustainable h
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• Act as pressure groups in restr
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Chapter One References African Netw
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Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
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Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
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Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
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APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
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Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
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Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
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Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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