Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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• A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth • Knowledge, as measured by adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio • A decent standard of living, as measured by estimated earned income (PPP US$) The calculation of the GDI involves three steps. First, female and male indices in each dimension are calculated according to this general formula. Dimension index = actual value – maximum value maximum value – minimum value Second, the female and male indices in each dimension are combined in a way that penalizes differences in achievement between men and women. The resulting index, referred to as the equally distributed index, is calculated according to this general formula: Equally distributed index = ((female population share (female index 1- ª )) + (male population share (male index1- ª 1/1- ª ))) ª measures the aversion to inequality. In the GDI ª =2. Thus, the general equation becomes: Equally distributed index = ((female population share (female index -1 )) + (male population share (male index - 1 )))- 1 , which gives the harmonic mean of the female and male indices. Third, the GDI is calculated by combining the three equally distributed indices in an unweighted average. Goalposts for calculating the GDI Maximum Minimum Indicator value value Female life expectancy at birth (years) 87.5 27.5 Male life expectancy at birth (years) 82.5 22.5 Adult literacy rate (%) 100 0 Combined gross enrolment ratio (%) 100 0 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) 40,000 100 Note: The maximum and minimum values (goalposts) for life expectancy are five years higher for women to take into account their longer life expectancy. GDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index) +1/3 (income index) The value of ª is the size of the penalty for gender inequality. The larger the value, the more heavily a society is penalized for having inequalities. If ª = 0, gender inequality is not penalized (in this case the GDI) would have the same value as the HDI). As ª increases towards infinity, more and more weight is given to the lesser achieving group. The value 2, used in calculating the GDI, places a moderate penalty on gender inequality in achievement. 2.4 The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Focusing on women’s opportunities rather than their capabilities, the GEM captures gender inequality in three key areas: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 217
• Political participation and decision-making power, as measured by women’s and men’s percentage shares of parliamentary seats. • Economic participation and decision-making power, as measured by two indicators—women’s and men’s percentage shares of positions as legislators, senior officials and mangers, and women’s and men’s percentage shares of professional and technical positions. • Power over economic resources, as measured by women’s and men’s estimated earned income (PPP US$). For each of these three dimensions, an equally distributed equivalent percentage (EDEP) is calculated, as a population weighted average, according to the following general formula: EDEP = {[female population share (female index 1-ª )] + [male population share (male index 1-ª )]} 1/1-ª ªmeasures the aversion to inequality. In the GEM (as in the GDI) ª = 2 which places a moderate penalty on inequality. The formula is thus: EDEP = {[female population share (female index -1 )] + [male population share (male index -1 )]} -1 For political and economic participation and decision-making, the EDEP is then indexed by dividing it by 50. The rationale for this indexation: In an ideal society, with equal empowerment of the sexes, the GEM variables would equal 50% - that is, women’s share would equal men’s share for each variable. Finally, the GEM is calculated as a simple average of the three indexed EDEPs. Female and Male Earned Income Despite the importance of having gender-disaggregated data on income, direct measures are unavailable. For this report crude estimates of female and male earned income have therefore been derived. Income can be seen in two ways: as a resource for consumption and as earnings by individuals. This measure is difficult to disaggregate between men and women because they share resources within a family unit. By contrast, earnings are separable because different members of a family tend to have separate earned incomes. The income measure used in the GDI and the GEM indicates a person’s capacity to earn income. It is used in the GDI to capture the disparities between men and women in command over resources and in the GEM to capture women’s economic independence. Female and male earned incomes (PPP US$) are estimated using the following data: • Ratio of the female non-agricultural wage to the male non-agricultural wage. • Male and female shares of the economically active population. • Total female and male population. • GDP per capita (PPP US$). 218 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
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Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
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The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
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Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
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GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
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gender equity improves human develo
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development in the Niger Delta regi
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HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
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Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
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Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
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Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
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Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
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CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
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of human life and economic activiti
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Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
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Agency's (1991) environmental stand
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others. These changes have in turn
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B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
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abandon their traditional occupatio
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Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
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There is very little or no treatmen
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The flooding problem of the Niger D
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CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
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five per cent. Nearly half the delt
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Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
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Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
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Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
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the associated risks of HIV infecti
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stems from biological, social, cult
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Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
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One particular point of outreach in
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CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
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The most common and vicious forms o
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took control of Nembe and banished
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One of the shools destroyed during
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Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
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groups have produced charters, decl
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understanding with host communities
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The frequent conflicts and the asso
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People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
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CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
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Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
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activity. Professionalizing the qua
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participants, is hard and tedious a
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Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
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een largely limited to urban or per
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Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
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drawing other industries to their l
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appropriate investment promotion me
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CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
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Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
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cushions the state’s economy agai
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purposes, and the property rights o
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tertiary schools, and for different
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identification of the potentials fo
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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
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In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179: 4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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Page 186 and 187: • Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189: Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191: Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193: Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195: Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197: APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199: Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201: Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203: Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205: Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207: Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209: Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211: Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213: Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215: Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217: Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219: Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
Page 220 and 221: Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
Page 222 and 223: 47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
Page 224 and 225: Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227: 1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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