Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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cushions the state’s economy against cyclical shocks in earnings. In March 2006, the Cross River State Government passed a law to save N50 million monthly for 15 years towards a future development fund. Establishing trust funds at the local government and community levels will signal to the youths of the region that their future is not being mortgaged by current exploitation of exhaustible resources. Box 7.2 on the Nunavut Trust in Canada gives an example of how revenues can be shared with local communities, and also how such communities can be compensated for negative external consequences of oil and mineral extraction. The misuse of trust funds is a potential problem that must be dealt with if such a fund is set up for the <strong>Niger</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>. It will serve the cause of peace if state and local governments manage public funds Table 7.2 Examples of Trust Funds prudently and can be held accountable. There must also be a show of the capacity to deal with cases of corruption and abuse of office, because the evident impunity of elected officials chips away at the restoration of social order and legitimacy of government. This will go far in instilling discipline and respect for authority in youth. All of these issues are elaborated in agenda two on governance. GOAL 3: Protection of Land Rights Peace-building also requires the government to address the issue of title to communal land and how that can be reconciled with the Land Use Act. The good intentions behind the Act seem overtaken by the complications from the lack of clarity over who should benefit from the economic exploitation of land by private business. A distinction should be made between the government’s right to land for public Name of fund Country Date Original purpose established Sterilization Volatility Savings Heritage Savings Fund Alberta, Canada 1976 X Copper Fund Chile 1986 X X Foreign Currency Reserve Account Iran 2000 X X X Reserve Fund for Future Generations Kuwait 1976 X State Petroleum Fund Norway 1990 X X X General Reserve Fund Oman 1980 X Alaska Permanent Fund Alaska, USA 1976 X Stabilization Investment Fund Venezuela 2000 X Future Generations Fund Chad 1999 X Box 7.1: Alaska Trust The Alaska Permanent Fund is one of the oldest natural resource funds. Established in 1976, it has grown to US $25 billion. Citizens have been extensively engaged in public consultation; each year they receive dividends. The Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation manages the fund, which is invested in stocks, bonds and real estate. Unreserved assets (income from the reserved assets)are retained in the Fund until appropriated by the legislature. As of 30 June 2003,the unreserved assets totalled US $100million. To date, the legislature has used these assets for three primary purposes: · NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT State and local governments should be more serious in planning and maintaining social infrastructure development. A decentralized derivation principle and inclusive equity stake-holding are vital for equitable distribution of benefits. 151
• payment of dividends (US $12.5 billion from 1982 through 2003 paid out to Alaskans) • inflation-proofing the reserved assets • increasing the size of the reserved assets Critics have argued that Alaska‘s fiscal policy should include the use of a portion of unreserved assets to support state services and programs. Paying out the same dividend to everyone does not take account of varying social or economic needs. On the other hand, the system ensures that the Government does not misuse the oil wealth. Transparency underpins the fund’s operations. The corporation publishes frequent reports and its Web site contains comprehensive information about legislation and governance. Source: Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation, 2004. Box 7.2: Nunavut Trust in Canada The Nunavut Trust illustrates not only how revenues can be shared, but also how a community can be compensated for the negative external consequences of oil and mineral extraction, and can turn this compensation into local development. Nunavut is the northernmost territory in Canada, bordered on the east by Greenland. The Trust was set up in 1993 as part of a land claim settlement between the Canadian Government and the native people of Nunavut. The settlement recognized native rights to land and resources, and reflected the right of native people to participate in decision-making concerning the use of such resources, including offshore. The settlement included a share of royalty payments from natural resource development in Nunavut. The Trust administers this as well as a compensation payment from the Canadian government for the negative local consequences of resource extraction. Some US $1.2 billion dollars in compensation money will pass from the federal government to the people of Nunavut over 14 years, ending in 2007. The Nunavut Trust is unique because its beneficiaries run it independently of any government. It is a community-managed fund. Three regional Inuit civil society organizations—Kitikmeot Inuit Association, Kivalliq (Keewatin) Inuit Association and Baffin Regional Inuit Association—appoint the trustees. Unlike other funds, the Trust does not pay out dividends. Its designers feared that such a payment could lead to increased unhealthy spending on personal consumption such as alcohol. Separate non-profit organizations are responsible for spending the money, the largest of them being Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. Money has gone into health, sports, local business development, etc. Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. meets regularly with Inuit communities to discuss priorities for spending, so the locals appear to be heavily involved in the governance of the Trust. Current challenges include: increasing demand for spending; the end of transfers from the federal government in 2007; and possible pressure for borrowing from the principal. Source: Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated 152 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
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Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
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The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
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Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
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GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
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gender equity improves human develo
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development in the Niger Delta regi
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HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
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Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
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Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
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Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
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Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
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CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
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of human life and economic activiti
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Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
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Agency's (1991) environmental stand
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others. These changes have in turn
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B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
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abandon their traditional occupatio
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Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
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There is very little or no treatmen
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The flooding problem of the Niger D
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CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
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five per cent. Nearly half the delt
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Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
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Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121: One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157: appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161: Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 164 and 165: purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167: tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169: identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171: Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173: • There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175: In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177: Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179: 4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181: air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183: 6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185: uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187: • Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189: Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191: Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193: Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195: Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197: APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199: Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201: Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203: Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205: Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207: Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209: Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211: Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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