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Sexual Networking: Identifying Partners and Partner’s Partners’, Studies in Family Planning, 23(6). Owansanoye, B., and B. Ahonsi (1997), Widowhood in Nigeria Issues, Problems and Prospects, Lagos: Frederich Ebert Foundation. Oyeneye, O. Y., and S. Kawonise (1993), ’Sexual Networking in Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria: An Exploratory Study’, Health Transition Review, supplement to volume 3, pp. 171 – 183. Richardson, Diane (1990), ‘AIDS Education and Women: Sexual and Reproductive Issues’, in Peter Aggleton, Peter Davies and Graham Hart eds., AIDS: Individual, Cultural and Policy Dimensions, London and New York: The Falmer Press, pp. 169-179. Social Sciences and Reproductive Health Research Network (2001), ’Gender Socialization and Male Responsibility in the Family: A Comparative Analysis of Three Socio-Cultural Groups in Nigeria’, Annals of the Social Sciences Academy of Nigeria, 13 (January/December), pp. 99-108. Thomas, I. M., L. Erinosho and F. Orenuga eds. (2004), Domestic Violence Among Middle Class Nigerians, Lagos: IAC. UNAIDS (2002), ’Workshop on HIV/ AIDS Advocacy and Media Networks’, Nairobi, 29 July to 2 August. UNDP (2005), HIV/AIDS and Human Development Thematic Guidance Note, NHDR Occasional Paper 4, New York: Human Development Report Office. UNDP (2004), Human Development Report: HIV and AIDS—A Challenge to Sustainable Human Development. Lagos. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (2003), ‘Education in the Context of HIV/AIDS: A Resource Book’, Abuja. Chapter Five Alamieyeseigha, D. (2005), Thoughts on Federalism, South-South and Resource Control, Yenagoa: Treasure Books. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT Avruch, K., P. W. Black and J. A. Scimecca (1991), Conflict Resolution: Cross Cultural Perspectives, London: Greenwood Press. Burton, J., ed. (1990), Conflict: Human Needs Theory, London: Macmillan. Church, H.R.J. (1965), West Africa, New York: Longmans. Development Policy Centre (2000), Social Mapping of the Niger Delta, Ibadan. Dike, K. O. (1956), Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Fisher, R. J. (1990), The Social Psychology of Intergroup and International Conflict Resolution, New York: Springer Verlag. Garcia, E., ed. (1993), Participative Approaches to Peace Making in the Philippines, Tokyo: United Nations University, pp. 22-26, 92-94. Ghali, B. B. (1992), An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, New York: United Nations. Human Rights Watch, ’Illegal Oil Bunkering’, www.hrw.org.reports/ 2003/nigeria1103/5.htm. Mabogunje, A. L. (1968), Urbanization in Nigeria, London: University of London Press. Ojo, O.J.B. (2002), The Niger Delta: Managing Resources and Conflicts, Ibadan: Development Policy Centre. Ruggie, J. G. (1992), ’Multilateralism: Anatomy of an Institution’, International Organization, 46 (3), pp. 561-98. Schecter, Danny (2001), ‘How Should Media Handle Conflict?’, www.mediachannel.org. Shell Petroleum Development (2002), Annual Report. 183
Taylor, M. (1997), ‘Coordination and International Institutions in Post-Conflict Situations’, Leiden Journal of International Law. Touval, S., and I. Zartman eds. (1985), International Mediation in Theory and Practice, Washington, D.C.: Westview Press for the SAIS. UNDP (2005), Conflict Prevention Thematic Guidance Note, NHDR Occasional Paper 3, New York: Human Development Report Office. Warren, K. B. (1993), The Violence Within: Cultural and Political Opposition in Divided Nations, Oxford: Westview Press. Chapter Six Chokor, B. A. (2000), ’Appraising the Structural Aspects of the Crisis of Community Development and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta’, in A. Osuntokun ed., Environmental Problems of the Niger Delta, Lagos: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, pp. 62-78. Federal Office of Statistics/International Labour Organization (2001), ‘Labour force sample survey December, 2000’, Federal Office of Statistics Statistical News, number 322, June. Francis, P., J. A. Akinwumi, P. Ngin, S. A. Nkom, J. A. Olomajaya, F. Okunmadewa and D. J. Shehu (1996), State, Community and Local Development in Nigeria, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Hassan, C., J. Olawoye and K. Nnadozie (2003), ’Impact of International Trade and Activities of Multi-national Corporations on the Environment and Sustainable Livelihoods of Rural Women in Akwa Ibom State, Niger Delta’, Nigeria NEST Research Brief, number 5. Human Rights Watch (1999), The Price of Oil. Jonathan, G. E. (2004), ‘The Niger Delta: Challenge of Sustainable Development’, the keynote lecture at the 2004 NUJ Press Week in Calabar, Cross River State. Okali, D., E. Okpara and J. Olawoye (2001), Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies: The Case of Aba and Its Region, Southeastern Nigeria, London: International Institute for Environment and Development. Olawoye, J. (2002), Gender and Rural Transport Initiative (GRTI): Analytical Study of Gender Specific Problems affecting Nigerian Women in Rural Travel and Transportation and the Identification of Pragmatic Solutions to the Problems, a report for the Department of Rural Development, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja. Olawoye, J. J., O. Oladeji, O. B. Oyesola, O. Taiwo and A. Olomola (2003), ‘Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project (LEEMP): Social Analysis Report for Bayelsa State’, submitted to Geomatics Nig. Ltd. Tacoli, C. (1998), Bridging the Divide: Rural- Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies, Gatekeeper Series No. 77, London: International Institute for Environment and Development. Udeeme, Ekpo (2003), The Niger Delta and Oil Politics, Lagos: Quadro Impressions Limited. Chapter Seven Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (2001), ‘2000 Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: United Arab Emirates’. Centre for International Private Enterprise (2001), ‘Mexico: Fighting Causes of Past Crises’, www.cipe.org/ publications/fs/articles. TDC Trade (2006), ‘Market Profiles: United Arab Emirates (UAE)’. US Agency for International Development (2003), ’USAID: Latin American Caribbean Overview’, www.usaid.gov/policy/budget. 184 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3:
SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
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Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
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The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
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Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
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GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
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gender equity improves human develo
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development in the Niger Delta regi
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HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
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Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
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Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
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Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
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Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
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CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
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of human life and economic activiti
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Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
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Agency's (1991) environmental stand
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others. These changes have in turn
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B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
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abandon their traditional occupatio
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Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
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There is very little or no treatmen
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The flooding problem of the Niger D
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CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
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five per cent. Nearly half the delt
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Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
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Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
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Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
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the associated risks of HIV infecti
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stems from biological, social, cult
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Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
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One particular point of outreach in
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CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
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The most common and vicious forms o
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took control of Nembe and banished
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One of the shools destroyed during
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Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
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groups have produced charters, decl
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understanding with host communities
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The frequent conflicts and the asso
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People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
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CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
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Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157: appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161: Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163: cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165: purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167: tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169: identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171: Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173: • There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175: In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177: Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179: 4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181: air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183: 6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185: uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187: • Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189: Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191: Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193: Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 196 and 197: APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199: Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201: Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203: Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205: Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207: Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209: Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211: Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213: Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215: Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217: Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219: Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
Page 220 and 221: Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
Page 222 and 223: 47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
Page 224 and 225: Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227: 1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
Page 228 and 229: • A long and healthy life, as mea
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