Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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One particular point of outreach in the delta is to engage those actively profiting from the sale of infected blood products and traditional healers/circumcisers who use infected blades and needles. They are important partners in the fight against HIV&AIDS. Public education campaigns should target the use/abuse of blood products and blades by barbers, surgeons and traditional healers, and should place a special emphasis on reaching those in urban slums and rural areas who wholly rely on marginal forms of health care. HIV&AIDS and Human Rights In part because of the strong stigmas associated with HIV&AIDS and the discrimination that often results, any strategy to control the disease needs to recognize the protection of the basic rights of people living with HIV&AIDS. Numerous national and international laws and agreements define human rights, including the following, which are of special interest in terms of HIV&AIDS. 1. The right to life and the right to health are guaranteed under Section 33 of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. Article 4 Section 17(3) (d) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights says that “the state shall direct its policy towards ensuring that there are adequate medical and health facilities for all persons.” Assured treatment and care for HIV&AIDS patients is very far away from patients in the Niger Delta and in Nigeria in general, however. It is a common practice for hospitals to refuse treatment to people with HIV&AIDS. Health care workers often decline to treat patients or treat them badly. 2. The right to human dignity is provided for in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and in other international documents. The Nigerian Constitution says that every individual is entitled to respect for the dignity of his person and accordingly no person shall be subject to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment. The following comment from one of the focus group participants illustrates the usual degrading treatment of people living with HIV&AIDS: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT I cannot have anything to do with them. I pity them but I need to protect myself too. 3. The right to privacy is also protected under the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, which states in Act 12 that no person shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, home or correspondence, or to attacks upon his reputation. People living with HIV&AIDS have the right to privacy concerning information on HIV status, as well as information indicating whether a person has agreed to undergo an HIV test or not. 4. Confidentiality is one of the oldest principles guiding the medical profession. A person has a right to medical confidentiality; this includes his or her HIV status. The failure to respect confidentiality will drive infected people to withhold information concerning their health status, or they may even resort to telling lies. 5. The right to marry and the right to family life: Every individual, including those living with HIV&AIDS, has the right to marry and raise a family. 6. The right to an education: Everyone, regardless of ethnic affiliation and social or health status, has the right to an education. Data suggest that children of parents with HIV may be rejected and excluded from schools, even though an HIV test was not carried out on them. This indication of discrimination violates people’s rights. 7. The right to work: Everyone has the right to work, and to have just and favourable work conditions. Although the HIV virus is not easily transmitted, many employers in Nigeria either sack those found to be HIV positive or refuse to employ them. In the Niger Delta, aside from the multinational oil and gas operators and the big oil service firms, most workplaces do not have HIV&AIDS programmes. It is a common practice to request prospective employees to undergo HIV testing before employment. CONCLUSION Nigeria’s HIV prevalence rate remains relatively high, especially for younger Assured treatment and care for HIV & AIDS patients is very far away from patients in the Niger Delta. Social and cultural factors help account for the delta’s high rates of HIV, including heterogeneous sexual behaviours. Reversing HIV & AIDS will require an integrated approach that recognizes the many dimensions of the pandemic. 109
110 people. In the Niger Delta, most people continue to see HIV&AIDS as a health issue. But in influencing diverse aspects of national and regional welfare, it has become a major development challenge. While a poor livelihood or poverty encourages vulnerability to HIV&AIDS, the disease also dampens prospects for economic growth and development. These inextricable links are clearly at work in the delta, although social and cultural factors also account for its high rates of HIV, including heterogeneous sexual behaviours. Reversing HIV&AIDS will require an integrated approach that recognizes the many dimensions of the epidemic. All stakeholders, including federal, state and local authorities, the NDDC, the private sector, civil society groups and international organizations, have roles to play. Strong leadership will be needed at all levels. The most effective strategies will be holistic, combining programmes to prevent opportunistic infections, manage existing cases and care for people living with HIV&AIDS. Strong policy advocacy among top-level policy makers and opinion leaders must take place, accompanied by a boost in awareness in the population at large. The issues of sustainable livelihoods and gender inequality must be addressed, and there must be steps to discourage heterogeneous and unsafe sex. Routine community conversations about HIV&AIDS would go far in reducing stigmas that curtail efforts to stop the epidemic. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
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Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
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The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
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Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
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GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
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Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107: five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111: Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157: appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161: Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163: cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165: purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167: tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169: identification of the potentials fo
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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
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In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
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4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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air caused by gas flares, the degra
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6 • appropriate and timely compen
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uild institutions for sustainable h
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• Act as pressure groups in restr
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Chapter One References African Netw
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Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
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Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
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Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
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APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
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Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
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Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
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Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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