Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in the South-South and North Central Regions Between 1991 and 2003. Chart 4.7: Prevalence by Age in South-South, 2003 FACTORS BEHIND THE EPIDE- MIC The factors promoting the spread of HIV&AIDS in the Niger Delta region can be broadly categorized as behavioural, economic, socio-cultural and biological, although there are significant overlaps in causes and effects. Behavioural Factors Since the dominant mode of transmission of the HIV virus is by heterosexual intercourse, one of the behavioural factors NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT fanning the epidemic is the common practice of having multiple sexual partners. This tendency is common in all the Niger Delta states for both men and women. The practice cuts across men of varying classes, but for women, it is predominant among those from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Oil wealth encourages men to take advantage of their perceived economic buoyancy by engaging in sexual intercourse with many girls, often without protection. A focus group participant sums up sexual profligacy as follows: It is a common thing in Port Harcourt, Warri and other places here. It is difficult to find a married man who does not have girlfriends outside. You know when men have little money, they behave like kings. A sense of economic buoyancy from oil wealth encourages men to engage in sexual intercourse with many partners. 99
Migration and overcrowded urban centres encourage risky sexual networks to flourish. An inadequate health care system means people don’t know their HIV status or cannot get help when they are ill. Many turn to quacks. This is a clear confirmation of earlier findings from the 2003 NDHS, which noted that 70.6 per cent of women and 94.5 per cent of men sampled from the region revealed that they engaged in highrisk sex in the 12 months preceding the survey. Many men have sex with sex workers, and sex at young ages is also common. In the Niger Delta, while eight per cent of women and 11.5 per cent of men mentioned that they used condoms for their first marriage, the region had the highest proportion of women (7.2 per cent) stating that they had had two or more sexual partners within the preceding 12 months (NDHS 2003: 190-192). Men’s vulnerability is exacerbated by the type of work they engage in. Some jobs entail a lot of mobility, such as being a long-distance driver or oil worker. There may be separate living arrangements for spouses in different cities, and migration for labour or military work (Orubuloye 1995). The work schedule of oil workers makes them prone to the risk of HIV, because most are forced to stay away from their wives or regular sexual partners for up to one month or sometimes longer while engaged in exploratory and production activities. Some workers on this schedule reportedly engage in sexually risky behaviour after the one-month period of seclusion. Because of their greater mobility, men tend to migrate to urban centres and places far from their families in search of employment. Youths are also likely to leave rural areas in search of opportunities in the cities. Oil industry jobs in particular have spurred migration within the delta and attracted a mass influx of people from outside. The industrial cities of Port Harcourt and Warri and the whole of Cross River State are heavy receivers of migrants and tourists who establish high-risk sexual networks. Migration has spawned urban squalor and overcrowding; child labour (Oloko 2002); thriving commercial sex (Olusanya et al. 1986; Adedoyin et al. 1995; Omorodion 1994); the proliferation of sub-standard health care facilities, including quacks masquerading as health care agents; and abject poverty. These factors encourage risky sexual behaviour and lifestyles contributing to the spread of HIV&AIDS. In urban centres such as Port-Harcourt, Warri and Benin City, overcrowded housing units have become the breeding ground for sexual activities among neighbours, and between older men and the children/wards of their neighbours. Girls and women who hawk various items but suffer commercial shortfalls readily become the victims of predators or voluntarily resort to commercial sex. There are reports of widespread unprotected sexual intercourse between older men and girl hawkers (Erinosho 2004). Participants in the focus group discussions for this report acknowledged that sending their children out to work and sell things at the market or by the roadside may be dangerous, but noted that it was necessary due to poverty. One participant said: “We are trying our best, but because of hardship, we could not do anything to pay their fees and look after them; that is why we send them to go and sell; to go and help us to work. It makes it look like it is child abuse, but it is because of hardship.” The migration of girls and women from Edo State, in particular, to other parts of the world for commercial sex work has been documented by Onyeononu (2003). Some of the girls, because of the need to make money, often yield to the pressure from clients to have unprotected sex. This migratory pattern spreads HIV&AIDS not only in Edo State, but in the whole of the Niger Delta and beyond. Economic Factors Poverty and HIV&AIDS are closely linked. Poverty prevents the establishment of needed prevention, care, support and treatment programmes. It also reduces access to information, education and services that could reduce the spread of the virus (UNFPA 2002). For individuals and households, income poverty can mean that women, and sometimes men, end up in risky sexual situations. HIV&AIDS also generates poverty. As those with the virus fall ill and die, a family or community loses much needed human capital or productive resources. In the Niger Delta, poverty has been one of the main propellants of the spread of HIV&AIDS (Makinwa-Adebusoye 1991; 100 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71: gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107: five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121: One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157: appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
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Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
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cushions the state’s economy agai
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purposes, and the property rights o
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tertiary schools, and for different
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identification of the potentials fo
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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
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In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
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4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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air caused by gas flares, the degra
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6 • appropriate and timely compen
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uild institutions for sustainable h
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• Act as pressure groups in restr
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Chapter One References African Netw
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Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
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Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
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Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
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APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
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Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
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Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
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Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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