Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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in terms of this access, the level in the Niger Delta is high. While discussing poverty in this region, it is important to appreciate that price regimes for goods and services can be different from those of most other regions. Prices are often higher in remote oil-producing communities, where they are tied to the pricing of services in the oil and gas industry and the much higher earnings of oil sector workers. This erodes the purchasing power of the ordinary person, heightening inflation in the costs of basic needs such as housing, transportation, health care, education and food products. In the absence of commodities and services price surveys for various regions and towns, it is imperative to look at the gross earnings of people in the region beyond the nominal statement of mean income or the proportion of those living on less than US $1 a day. If tied to purchasing power, the actual poverty level could be much higher. A critical and realistic assessment of poverty in the Niger Delta region should focus attention on key considerations such as access to health care, education, water, transportation and other basic amenities of life, as well as the extent to which people are involved in decisions that affect them. The facts revealed in chapter one about water supply, housing and education, for instance, point to the immense challenges facing development and the provision of social amenities as a critical support for sustainable livelihoods. In addition, the oil and gas industry has damaged farmlands and fishing grounds, which has harmed traditional occupations such as fishing, farming, lumbering, crafts and small-scale agro-based activities. But these livelihoods have also become unattractive because of weak earnings relative to the oil sector. There is a need not only to revive the traditional forms of work, given the transient nature of the oil industry, but also to give a wider spectrum of people opportunities for survival through a more diverse economy. Poverty is a cross-cutting issue with numerous dimensions. While it may be measured in terms of the income or resources of an individual, many of the conditions that NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT perpetuate or alleviate poverty are at the communal or societal level. Poverty in the Niger Delta region encompasses the issues of discrimination, neglect and the lack of a voice. Another dimension is that the people of this region have been excluded from tapping into modern infrastructure, even as the resources for transforming other parts of the country have poured out of the Niger Delta. While poverty may seem to cause deprivation and hinder individual development, it is also the consequence of a number of social and national factors, such as poor governance and the exclusion of particular social groups, including minority ethnic groups, women and youth, from participation in decision-making on matters relating to their welfare. Other issues include poor environmental quality and high levels of pollution, conflict and lack of security, threats to health and well-being including HIV&AIDS, and unsustainable livelihoods and unemployment. THE REVENUE BASE OF HU- MAN DEVELOPMENT Oil wealth derived from the Niger Delta region sustains the Nigerian Federation. Oil revenues, in the form of crude oil and gas exports, petroleum profits taxes and royalties, and domestic crude oil sales accounted for an average of 79.52 per cent of the total revenues of the Federation A realistic assessment of poverty in the delta needs to include access to health care, education, water and other basic amenities, as well as people’s involvement in the decisions that affect their lives. Poverty in the Niger Delta region encompasses the issues of discrimination, neglect and the lack of a voice. A man scooping water from a shallow well, a typical source of water in the Niger Delta Oil wealth enriches Nigeria as a country, but it has not alleviated the grinding poverty, neglect and deprivation in the region that produces it. 37
38 from 2000 to 2004. During the same period, the contribution of oil to total export earnings was 79.53 per cent (computed from Central Bank of Nigeria 2004). Table 2.2 (a): Revenues and Expenditures of the Federal Government and States in the Niger Delta Region, 1999 Revenues Expenditures Fed Govt./ Total Statutory Share of statutory Total Recurrent Capital Share of states revenues allocation allocation in expenditures expenditures expenditures capital ex- (N’mn) (N’mn) total revenues (%) (N’mn) (N’mn) (N’mn) penditures in total (%) Federal Govt. 662,585.3 218,874.5 33.0 947,690.0 449,662.4 498,027.6 52.5 Abia 3,458.3 2,268.5 65.5 3,544.9 2,245.2 1,299.7 36.6 Akwa Ibom 5,389.6 3,161.1 58.6 5,389.6 3,377.3 1,889.3 35.0 Bayelsa 3,938.8 2,666.4 67.6 3,923.5 2,708.4 1,215.1 30.9 Cross River 3,824.9 2,786.4 72.8 3,948.6 2,302.4 1,546.2 39.1 Delta 6,690.1 3,382.8 50.5 7,145.5 4,431.2 2,714.3 37.9 Edo 5,127.2 2,644.2 51.5 5,027.7 3,179.8 1,847.9 36.7 Imo 3,540.5 2,526.5 71.3 3,474.2 2,071.9 1,402.3 40.3 Ondo 4,049.6 2,621.1 64.7 3,941.8 2,681.3 1,260.5 31.9 Rivers 8,379.4 3,196.5 38.1 7,579.2 4,002.6 3,576.6 47.1 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria 1999. Bad governance and corruption have played essential roles in perpetuating low levels of human development. Tables 2.2a and 2.2b show huge increases in revenues accruing to the Federal and Niger Delta state governments between 1999 and 2003. Statutory allocations from the Federation Account constitute a substantial part of the total (see column 4 in table 2.2b). “Poverty is caused by poor management and governance. If government manages our resources very well . . . to build hospitals, schools, good roads, poverty will be reduced. When children go to good schools and there are cheaper drugs in our hospitals, everyone will cater for his health and thus reduce the impact of poverty. So our government is causing poverty on the people because they have refused to carry people along.” Source: Focus group discussant, ERML fieldwork 2005. The role of oil revenues in the statutory allocations cannot be overemphasized. Yet the problem of grinding poverty, neglect and deprivation in the region that produces the nation’s oil wealth has remained a daunting reality. The tables show that capital expenditures to provide a basis for rapid progress on human development are low compared to recurrent expenditures on personnel and overheads. While total expenditures increased sharply between 1999 and 2003, the quality of such spending was invariably low, considering the already low level of human development. Bad governance and corruption perpetuated these patterns. GOVERNANCE AND POVERTY Given the abject poverty in the Niger Delta, there is a strong basis for people’s demands for a greater share of the region’s vast oil revenues, particularly as they bear NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3: SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
Page 4 and 5: Foreword Over the past four decades
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
Page 8 and 9: OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
Page 10 and 11: § The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
Page 12 and 13: Background Overview The Niger Delta
Page 14 and 15: ut also presents a challenge to int
Page 16 and 17: 2 should be resolved. An oil trust
Page 18 and 19: 5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
Page 22 and 23: aggregate, to how its peoples are f
Page 24 and 25: that allows tourism to thrive and s
Page 26 and 27: any mineral extracted in that regio
Page 28 and 29: put up similar resistance, but this
Page 30 and 31: and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
Page 32 and 33: Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
Page 34 and 35: 94 per cent of these have populatio
Page 36 and 37: expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
Page 38 and 39: to pockets of the region, in the ab
Page 40 and 41: Housing pattern in a typical Niger
Page 42 and 43: Revamping the rural economy by opti
Page 44 and 45: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
Page 50 and 51: the full burden of environmental de
Page 52 and 53: effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71: gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99:
Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101:
There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103:
The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107:
five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109:
Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111:
Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113:
Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115:
the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117:
stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119:
Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121:
One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125:
The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127:
took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129:
One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131:
Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133:
groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135:
understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137:
The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139:
People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141:
CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145:
activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147:
participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149:
Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151:
een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153:
Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155:
drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157:
appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159:
CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163:
cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165:
purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167:
tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169:
identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171:
Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173:
• There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175:
In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177:
Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179:
4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181:
air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183:
6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185:
uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187:
• Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191:
Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193:
Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195:
Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197:
APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199:
Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201:
Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203:
Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205:
Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207:
Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209:
Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211:
Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213:
Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215:
Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217:
Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219:
Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
Page 220 and 221:
Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
Page 222 and 223:
47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
Page 224 and 225:
Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227:
1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
Page 228 and 229:
• A long and healthy life, as mea
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