Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it will only be discussed briefly here. Prevalence rates rose in the Niger Delta and nationally between 1999 and 2001, but declined in 2003. This could indicate that the spread of the disease is being curtailed, as the MDGs stipulate. Although there is some indication that current efforts are having some positive impact, the Niger Delta region recorded one of the smallest declines, from 7.7 per cent in 2001 to 5.8 per cent in 2003. The South-West declined from four per cent to 2.3 per cent. A careful examination of the Niger Delta states reveals that much effort is still needed to fully contain the spread of HIV&AIDS. Cultural factors may have to be seriously considered for much progress to occur. For instance, evidence from the 2003 NDHS reveals that people in the region are the most sexually active of any group in the country’s six zones (67 per cent of men have never married, compared to nine per cent in the North-West and 22 per cent in the South-East). Condom use is limited. The survey also reported that the region has the largest number of people who affirmed that they had sex with prostitutes during the previous 12 months and the highest incidence of risky sex. The incidence of death associated with malaria and tuberculosis in the Niger Delta is still considerably high and will probably remain so by 2015 if current efforts are not stepped up. Estimates by CPED (2004) show that malaria accounts for over 71.2 per cent of the sickness in the Niger Delta. Evidence from the 2003 NDHS reveals that 30 per cent of the children sampled in the region had fever or convulsion compared to 18 per cent in the South-West, 23.6 per cent in the South-East and 24.2 per cent in the North-Central region. 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability Chapter three of this report is entirely devoted to an analysis of the environmental problems in the Niger Delta, and the social and economic repercussions of industrial activities. Although it is difficult to assess the progress being made towards the attainment of the MDG targets on NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT environmental sustainability, environmental quality ranks among the top priorities of the Niger Delta. Environmental degradation is arguably a major source of the agitation in the region. The numerous oil spills and the gas flaring in much of the delta have taken an enormous toll on the environment. Pollution has greatly affected the air, water, soils, vegetation and even physical structures. Perhaps more troubling are problems related to limited access to safe drinking water and electricity supply, poor environmental sanitation and waste management, and the lack of security of land and property tenure as highlighted in both chapters one and three. These are all part of the MDG indicators for measuring progress on environmental sustainability. 8. Develop a global partnership for development Many of the MDG targets are better handled at national rather than sub-national levels. Nigeria gives high attention to global and regional partnerships as key instruments for achieving development. It belongs to regional initiatives such as the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Nigeria is also a key player in global organizations such as the United Nations and its agencies, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). At home, Nigeria partners with the private sector and civil society in several areas of development. In the Niger Delta, the issue of partnership for the attainment of not just the MDGs but also overall human development is critically important. Partnerships with oil companies, NGOs, and bilateral and multilateral agencies will be required to carry forward the human development agenda and to attain many of the MDG targets. The indicators that can easily be measured for the eighth MDG are telephone lines per 1,000 people and personal computers per 1,000 people. As stated in chapter one, available data show that the number of fixed telephone lines in the Niger Delta Most indicators used to compute the HDI do not include the items that the Niger Delta states badly need, such as roads, water, electricity and appropriate waste management, among others. 49
50 works out at about 38 per 1,000. The growth in these land lines has stalled in the last few years, with the introduction of the global system of mobile communication. Due to this, Nigeria probably already exceeds the target for telephones. The Niger Delta ratio is predicted to be better than Nigeria’s, perhaps being one per 20 people. The story is completely different with respect to the distribution of personal computers. Nigeria’s 2004 MDG Report estimates that the number of computers per 1,000 persons remained at 4.1 in 1995 and 1996, rising to 6.6 by 2000. The number of computers must have increased considerably by 2005, but no hard data support this. THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES Given the social, economic and political conditions just described, it is of considerable interest to see how the Niger Delta region fares on the human development indices. These include the human development index (HDI), the human poverty index for developing countries (HPI-1), the Elume Spill Fire human poverty index for selected countries in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (HPI-2), the gender-related development index (GDI) and the gender empowerment measure (GEM). Each of these is a composite index; many indicators go into their calculation (see boxes 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5 for the computations). The indices have been calculated for the nine states of the Niger Delta as well as for the 185 local governments. In interpreting the results, it is important to note that the human development situation in Nigeria as a whole is deplorable. The use of relative terms—better, higher, worse and lower—should not be misconstrued. The mere fact that a region, state or local government has a higher score on an index than another does not necessarily mean that the human development situation in that region, state or locality is good. As will be clear in subsequent sections of this report, the HDI for the Niger Delta region as a whole is unacceptable considering that it has produced the wealth fuelling development in other parts of the country. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
Page 6 and 7:
Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
Page 10 and 11: § The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
Page 12 and 13: Background Overview The Niger Delta
Page 14 and 15: ut also presents a challenge to int
Page 16 and 17: 2 should be resolved. An oil trust
Page 18 and 19: 5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
Page 22 and 23: aggregate, to how its peoples are f
Page 24 and 25: that allows tourism to thrive and s
Page 26 and 27: any mineral extracted in that regio
Page 28 and 29: put up similar resistance, but this
Page 30 and 31: and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
Page 32 and 33: Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
Page 34 and 35: 94 per cent of these have populatio
Page 36 and 37: expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
Page 38 and 39: to pockets of the region, in the ab
Page 40 and 41: Housing pattern in a typical Niger
Page 42 and 43: Revamping the rural economy by opti
Page 44 and 45: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
Page 48 and 49: in terms of this access, the level
Page 50 and 51: the full burden of environmental de
Page 52 and 53: effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71: gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107: five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
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Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113:
Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
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the associated risks of HIV infecti
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stems from biological, social, cult
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Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
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One particular point of outreach in
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CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
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The most common and vicious forms o
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took control of Nembe and banished
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One of the shools destroyed during
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Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
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groups have produced charters, decl
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understanding with host communities
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The frequent conflicts and the asso
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People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
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CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
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Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
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activity. Professionalizing the qua
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participants, is hard and tedious a
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Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
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een largely limited to urban or per
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Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
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drawing other industries to their l
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appropriate investment promotion me
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CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
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Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
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cushions the state’s economy agai
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purposes, and the property rights o
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tertiary schools, and for different
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identification of the potentials fo
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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
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In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
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4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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air caused by gas flares, the degra
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6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185:
uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187:
• Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter One References African Netw
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Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193:
Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195:
Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197:
APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199:
Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205:
Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
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Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227:
1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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