Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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B. Income-producing trees Avocado Banana Breadfruit Calabash tree Cashew Cocoa Coconut palm Timber and Mangrove Timber (Iroko, Abura, etc (mature) Mangrove (per hectare) Mature 180 160 80 10 120 500 300 600 1500 1994 Medium 90 80 40 5 60 200 150 300 750 Seedlings 45 40 20 3.5 30 100 75 150 375 Mature 360 320 160 20 240 1000 600 1200 3000 1997 Medium 180 160 80 10 120 500 300 600 1500 Seedlings 90 80 40 5 60 250 150 300 750 Mature 2400 500 1900 1440 2200 2500 5450 34,000 - 2001 Medium 1200 250 950 720 1100 1500 2750 17,000 - Seedlings 600 125 475 360 550 750 1360 C. Land acquisition and loss 1994 1997 2001 Acquisition or permanent land loss (urban land) 1.50 square metre 3.00/square metre Unchanged Acquisition or permanent Land loss (rural land) 1.00 square metre 2.00/square metre -Do- Permanent loss of fishing rights 2.50 square metre 3.00/square metre -Do- Fishing ground/tidal basin 6.00 square metre 6.00/square metre -Do- Rivers/creeks 6.00 square metre 6.00/square metre -Do- Fish trap/animal trap (depending on size) 10.00-50.00/square metre 200.00 - 400.00/ square metre -Do- Fish fence/animal fence (depending on size) 32.00/metre run 50.00 metre run -Do- Timber canal/fish channel 32.00/square metre 50.00/square metre -Do- Agricultural lands (specific items like crops, trees and other items destroyed should be assessed based on the above rates) 800.00/hectare 800.00/hectare 100,000/hectare Inhabited area 400.00/hectare 800.00 hectare 100,000/hectare Other lands 400.00/hectare 400.00 hectare Compensation to be negotiated between polluter and claimants Recreation/aesthetic areas 400.00/hectare - “ Loss of earnings from fishing as a result of siltation 1.00 Square meter 1.00/square meter -Do- Cut traces 1.00 Square meter 5.00/square meter -Do- Compensation rates are in Naira (US$ = N129) Source: Oil Producers Trade Section, Lagos; Phil Anoza Consultants, Port-Harcourt The lack of appropriate avenues for redress is one of the major causes of the conflicts in the region. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT Existing laws prescribe that aggrieved persons can only seek redress against the oil and other big multinational companies engaged in the oil industry in the Federal High Courts. To the local people, this is another case of collusion between the oil companies and the Government. The courts are located only in state capitals, putting them out of the easy reach of most rural inhabitants. The litigation process is fraught with many technicalities, requiring the services of legal practitioners that most people cannot afford. 8,500 - The lack of appropriate avenues for redress is one of the major causes of the conflicts in the region. Other grievances arise from the negative social and economic impacts of oil and industrial activities, as highlighted on the following pages. Rapid Uncontrolled Urbanization One of the most dramatic effects of oil production activities in the Niger Delta was the sudden rise to prominence of certain towns that became centres of oil 83
The phenomenal growth in urbanization has had significant social and environmental impacts, while the heightened pace of construction has created huge demands for land and construction materials Rapid and uncontrolled mass migration into cities spawned urban sprawl, slum housing, housing congestion, traffic congestion, unemployment and a rise in crime. People are clamouring for restitution for all the damage that has been done by oil operations; however, compensation rarely reaches all those affected because of the ‘benefit captor’ syndrome. production or associated industrial activities. Warri and Port Harcourt are the two most important examples. Smaller but equally important towns include Ughelli (Delta State), Bonny (Rivers State) and Eket (Akwa Ibom State). The phenomenal growth in urbanization has had significant social and environmental impacts. The heightened pace of construction activities in the burgeoning oil and industrial cities created huge and unprecedented demands for land and construction materials such as sand, clay and wood. Local peoples were easily seduced by the lure of easy money in the growing urban centres. The large rubber plantations for which present-day Delta and Edo states were once noted were abandoned and subsequently cleared by local people. They sold the land to speculators in the urban peripheries and to contractors for quarrying sand, clay and other materials for construction. Some local landowners turned into contractors themselves. Thus, the local farmers and landowners mortgaged their future by destroying their land inheritance and throwing away, perhaps forever, their means of livelihood. This period, especially since the mid-1980s when oil overtly replaced traditional economic activities in oil-producing communities, marked the beginnings of the whittling down of the sense of community and traditional authority in the Niger Delta region. Many of the transformations that took place, including the sale of land, land use changes, occupational changes, etc., were individual rather than communal decisions. With the benefit of hindsight, it is clear why land and territorial disputes between individuals, clans and ethnic groups escalated from the 1970s onward, aside from the other well-known struggle to share the benefits of the oil industry. Apart from the massive deforestation and destruction of land, the displacement of people from rural economic pursuits coupled with the lure of social amenities in the cities generated a wave of rural-urban and rural-rural migration throughout the Niger Delta region and beyond. Rapid and uncontrolled mass migration into cities spawned urban sprawl, slum housing, housing congestion, traffic congestion, unemployment and under-employment, and a rise in crime, to name only a few consequences. Loss of Fishing Grounds Quarrying activities spurred by the construction boom were not limited to land; the demand for high-quality fine sand also led to the mining of river channels. River sand mining destroys the aquatic habitat and disrupts the hydraulic capacity and relationships in the river channels. Fishing communities suffer as a result— on top of the destruction caused by the oil industry. Fishing has become less productive and profitable in many areas, with reduced catches and lower incomes compared to income from oil-related activities. The efforts of local fishermen to maintain or improve upon their income levels result in over-fishing. Many swamps, rivers and creeks where fish spawn have been destroyed or polluted. Land Losses and Shortages A major socio-political issue in the Niger Delta region today is access to land. Local people complain bitterly about having lost so much land to oil operations. Oil facilities and installations directly took land and waterways away from the people. Indirectly, people have also lost land through pollution, erosion and land despoliation by quarrying activities. The scarcity is compounded by the lack of dry land in the delta. Land shortage is partly responsible for the loud protest against the Land Use Act, which provides compensation for the appropriation of land—often for oil facilities (see box 3.5). Most local participants at one of the focus group discussions were vehemently opposed to the Act, saying it “has no redeeming feature or value.” The Act does not take into account the impacts and negative externalities that transferring land—say for oil purposes— may have on adjoining areas. People are clamouring for restitution for all the damage that has been done by oil operations and associated activities. Even the compensation that is offered tends to bring only short-lived satisfaction, however. Those who sell their land, more often than not, quickly spend the money and then are left high and dry. Many 84 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3:
SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
Page 4 and 5:
Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
Page 20 and 21:
CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
Page 44 and 45: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
Page 48 and 49: in terms of this access, the level
Page 50 and 51: the full burden of environmental de
Page 52 and 53: effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71: gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107: five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111: Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121: One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145:
activity. Professionalizing the qua
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participants, is hard and tedious a
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Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
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een largely limited to urban or per
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Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
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drawing other industries to their l
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appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159:
CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
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Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
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cushions the state’s economy agai
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purposes, and the property rights o
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tertiary schools, and for different
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identification of the potentials fo
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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
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In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
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4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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air caused by gas flares, the degra
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6 • appropriate and timely compen
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uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187:
• Act as pressure groups in restr
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Chapter One References African Netw
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Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
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Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
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Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
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APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
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Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
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Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
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Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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