Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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whether the overall level of poverty is around 70 per cent as claimed by many experts and multilateral agencies or about 54.4 per cent as suggested by the Federal Government (according to the Sunday Vanguard, 13 March 2005, p. 11). An MDG assessment done within the limitations on data availability and reliability, Table 2.4: Poverty in the Niger Delta Measured by Income and Food Intake States Per cent poverty level Food poverty levels as measured by 2,900 calories, 2004 1996 2004 Per cent with Per cent above calorie intake 2900 calories below 2,900 Abia 58.6 29.95 22.03 77.17 Akwa Ibom 72.3 39.86 31.60 68.40 Bayelsa 44.3 25.64 20.77 79.23 Cross River 61.4 52.60 42.30 57.70 Delta 61.9 41.88 35.57 64.43 Edo 53.3 41.40 35.24 64.76 Imo 53.6 24.80 12.75 87.25 Ondo 71.6 88.84 21.21 78.79 Rivers 44,3 40.65 37.56 62.44 Niger Delta 57.9 42.85 28.78 71.22 Nigeria 65.0 56.90 36.04 63.96 Source: Federal Office of Statistics 2004: 78, 81. however, can still be a useful exercise to help frame a call to take action. Areas of concern under the MDGs There are eight major areas of concern covered by the MDGs, with objectives, targets to be achieved and indicators of performance (see table 2.3). Each area is briefly discussed in the following sections. Table 2.5: Net Enrolment Ratios in Primary and Secondary Schools in the Niger Delta States Net primary school enrolment Net secondary enrolment ratio ratio (2004) per cent (2004) per cent Male Female Total Male Female Total Abia 98.1 98.08 98.10 97.05 98.85 97.75 Akwa Ibom 99.56 93.06 96.31 99.66 98.48 99.07 Bayelsa 95.68 96.46 96.07 99.58 98.86 99.22 Cross River 93.92 92.35 93.13 95.77 100.00 97.89 Delta 93.88 96.88 95.38 99.05 98.76 98.90 Edo 97.35 96.43 96.89 99.52 100.0 99.76 Imo 98.33 98.25 98.29 99.29 98.95 99.12 Ondo 98.48 100.00 99.24 100.00 100.00 100.00 Rivers 97.47 97.92 97.69 98.55 100.00 99.28 Niger Delta 97.0 96.6 96.8 98.72 99.32 99.02 Nigeria 82.21 60.17 81.19 88.51 83.59 86.07 Source: Federal Office of Statistics 2004: 86-87. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 45
46 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger The targets of this MDG include halving the proportions of people whose income is less than US $1 per day and who suffer from hunger. The overall poverty level in the Niger Delta fell from 57.9 per cent in 1996 to 42.85 per cent in 2004 (see table 2.4). This relative reduction is nowhere near halving poverty, but it may be argued that 2015 is still far off, and there is still the chance that the MDG may be attained. This is doubtful, however, because a drop in the poverty level from 57.9 per cent to 42.85 per cent in eight years represents less than one percentage point annually. At that rate, it will be well beyond 2015 before poverty can be reduced considerably, let alone halved. As for meeting the target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger, this is clearly more difficult to assess for the Niger Delta states given the lack of data. Table 2.4 shows that food poverty as measured by a daily calorie intake of 2,900 calories averaged 28.78 per cent by 2004. Time series data do not exist, however, so it is difficult to measure progress. The Niger Delta states have done better than the national performance level of 36.04 per cent. Only Cross River and Rivers states have done worse than the national average. 2. Achieve universal primary education The data to assess progress in net enrolment in primary education are readily available. From tables 2.5 and 2.6, there is real hope that the Niger Delta states may just be able to meet the MDG target for universal primary education by 2015 or a little beyond. Net enrolment ratios in both primary and secondary education are very encouraging, with the Niger Delta states outperforming the national scores by considerable margins. This suggests the delta may meet the target of universal education overall. A cautionary note is in order, however, since the other indicators for measuring universal primary education, such as the proportions starting first grade and the levels of preparatory schooling, were not considered because no data are available. 3. Promote gender equality and empower women There are a number of possible indicators for measuring the MDG targets, as indicated in table 2.3. Table 2.6 presents a comparison of the male and female school enrolment ratios in the Niger Delta. The Table 2.6: Ratio of Boys to Girls in Primary and Secondary Education States Primary Secondary Tertiary education education education Abia 0.999 1.019 0.806 Akwa Ibom 0.935 0.988 0.801 Bayelsa 1.008 0.993 0.599 Cross River 0.983 1.044 0.622 Delta 1.032 0.997 0.696 Edo 0.991 1.005 0.599 Imo 0.999 0.997 0.932 Ondo 1.015 1.000 0.481 Rivers 1.005 1.015 0.738 Niger Delta 0.996 1.006 0.697 Nigeria 0.975 0.944 0.665 Source: Federal Office of Statistics 2004: 86-87. 3 This refers to money paid to youths by oil companies for staying at home instead of working in their organizations or for persuading youths not to disturb their operations. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3:
SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
Page 4 and 5:
Foreword Over the past four decades
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
Page 8 and 9: OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
Page 10 and 11: § The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
Page 12 and 13: Background Overview The Niger Delta
Page 14 and 15: ut also presents a challenge to int
Page 16 and 17: 2 should be resolved. An oil trust
Page 18 and 19: 5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
Page 22 and 23: aggregate, to how its peoples are f
Page 24 and 25: that allows tourism to thrive and s
Page 26 and 27: any mineral extracted in that regio
Page 28 and 29: put up similar resistance, but this
Page 30 and 31: and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
Page 32 and 33: Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
Page 34 and 35: 94 per cent of these have populatio
Page 36 and 37: expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
Page 38 and 39: to pockets of the region, in the ab
Page 40 and 41: Housing pattern in a typical Niger
Page 42 and 43: Revamping the rural economy by opti
Page 44 and 45: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
Page 48 and 49: in terms of this access, the level
Page 50 and 51: the full burden of environmental de
Page 52 and 53: effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71: gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107:
five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109:
Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111:
Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113:
Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115:
the associated risks of HIV infecti
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stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119:
Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121:
One particular point of outreach in
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CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
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The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127:
took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129:
One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131:
Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133:
groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135:
understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137:
The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139:
People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141:
CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
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Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
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activity. Professionalizing the qua
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participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149:
Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
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een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153:
Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155:
drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157:
appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159:
CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163:
cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165:
purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167:
tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169:
identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171:
Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173:
• There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175:
In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177:
Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179:
4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181:
air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183:
6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185:
uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187:
• Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191:
Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193:
Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195:
Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197:
APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199:
Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201:
Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203:
Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205:
Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207:
Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209:
Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211:
Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213:
Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215:
Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217:
Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219:
Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
Page 220 and 221:
Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
Page 222 and 223:
47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
Page 224 and 225:
Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227:
1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
Page 228 and 229:
• A long and healthy life, as mea
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