Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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gender equity improves human development. The gender gap must be narrowed in the Niger Delta for two main reasons. First, Nigeria is going through a democratization process. All efforts should be made to include and involve all citizens in governance and in the development decisionmaking process in the Niger Delta. Secondly, development goals and aspirations have a much greater chance of success if all citizens participate in the process of achieving them. A more inclusive participatory process at the local, state and regional levels would allow the Niger Delta Table 2.13: GDI for Niger Delta States, 2005 Equally Equally Equally distributed distributed distributed life expectancy educational income index State index index GDI Abia 0.443 0.492 0.339 0.425 Akwa Ibom 0.504 0.518 0.151 0.391 Bayelsa 0.450 0.652 0.227 0.443 Cross River 0.480 0.621 0.342 0.481 Delta 0.530 0.614 0.168 0.437 Edo 0.486 0.682 0.301 0.490 Imo 0.503 0.615 0.162 0.427 Ondo 0.462 0.568 0.327 0.452 Rivers 0.480 0.609 0.273 0.454 Niger Delta 0.482 0.597 0.254 0.444 Source: ERML 2005. Table 2.14: GEM for Niger Delta States, 2005 to benefit from new priorities and perspectives brought in by talented women. For example, a process including more women in strategic decision-making might find a way to reduce the negative externalities from oil production. In narrowing the gender gap, with the objective of eventual elimination, extra attention must be paid to citizens whose needs have been neglected for a long time. A more equitable and gender-balanced society would help achieve this, leading to improved economic and social trends overall, and the attainment of truly sustainable development. State Equally distributed equivalent percentage (EDEP) EDEP economic EDEP for parliamentary participation income GEM Abia 0.211 0.878 0.032 0.374 Akwa Ibom 0.222 0.870 0.063 0.385 Bayelsa 0.142 0.906 0.050 0.366 Cross River 0.207 0.875 0.057 0.380 Delta 0.077 0.813 0.084 0.325 Edo 0.207 0.949 0.085 0.413 Imo 0.041 0.923 0.062 0.342 Ondo 0.707 0.918 0.066 0.564 Rivers 0.317 0.916 0.092 0.441 Niger Delta 0.237 0.894 0.066 0.399 Source: ERML fieldwork 2005. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 59
There is a paucity of data at the local government level, including information on fiscal operations. The GDI for the Niger Delta Region While the HDI measures average achievement, the GDI adjusts this average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and women. For the Niger Delta states, the average GDI for 2005 was 0.444, compared to 0.439 for Nigeria (see table 2.13). This indicates that the Niger Delta states have outperformed the national average, although such states as Abia, Delta and Imo have performed below the average. The delta region has done comparatively well with respect to gender equality in education, as measured by the equally distributed educational index, and in terms of life expectancy. The states have done badly, however, on gender equality and income, particularly Akwa Ibom, Delta and Imo states. The delta’s GDI score fares poorly in comparison with the scores of other oilproducing countries. In 2003, Oman scored 0.759, Venezuela 0.765, Saudi Arabia 0.749 and Indonesia 0.691 (UNDP, 2005). Gender equality in the Niger Delta still clearly remains an important development challenge. Map 2.1: Administrative Map of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Showing Local Government Areas. The GEM for the Niger Delta Region The GEM measures that extent to which women are excluded from opportunities in a given country. The average GEM for the Niger Delta states is 0.399 (see table 2.13). In the human development reports on Nigeria produced so far, the GEM could not be calculated because of data problems. This is the same case for many sub-Saharan countries. Compared with the lowest GEM performers in the world—Yemen (0.123), Saudi Arabia (0.207) and Iran (0.318)—the Niger Delta is not doing too badly, but efforts need to be stepped up. While all the states performed very well on participation, the income index is quite low. In Imo, Delta and Bayelsa states, women’s participation in parliamentary activities is very low relative to other states (see table 2.14). Human Development at the Local Level Map 2.1 contains the spatial distribution of local government areas in the region. Capturing spatial inequalities in human 60 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3:
SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
Page 4 and 5:
Foreword Over the past four decades
Page 6 and 7:
Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
Page 8 and 9:
OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
Page 10 and 11:
§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
Page 12 and 13:
Background Overview The Niger Delta
Page 14 and 15:
ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
Page 18 and 19:
5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
Page 22 and 23: aggregate, to how its peoples are f
Page 24 and 25: that allows tourism to thrive and s
Page 26 and 27: any mineral extracted in that regio
Page 28 and 29: put up similar resistance, but this
Page 30 and 31: and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
Page 32 and 33: Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
Page 34 and 35: 94 per cent of these have populatio
Page 36 and 37: expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
Page 38 and 39: to pockets of the region, in the ab
Page 40 and 41: Housing pattern in a typical Niger
Page 42 and 43: Revamping the rural economy by opti
Page 44 and 45: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
Page 48 and 49: in terms of this access, the level
Page 50 and 51: the full burden of environmental de
Page 52 and 53: effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107: five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111: Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121:
One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
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The most common and vicious forms o
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took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129:
One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131:
Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
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groups have produced charters, decl
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understanding with host communities
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The frequent conflicts and the asso
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People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
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CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
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Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
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activity. Professionalizing the qua
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participants, is hard and tedious a
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Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
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een largely limited to urban or per
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Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
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drawing other industries to their l
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appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159:
CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
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Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
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cushions the state’s economy agai
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purposes, and the property rights o
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tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169:
identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171:
Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175:
In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
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4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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air caused by gas flares, the degra
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6 • appropriate and timely compen
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uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187:
• Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter One References African Netw
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Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193:
Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195:
Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197:
APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199:
Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205:
Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207:
Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213:
Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227:
1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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