Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Region 57 § Gender Disparities in Human Development 57 § The GDI for the Niger Delta Region 60 § The GEM for the Niger Delta Region 60 § Human Development at the Local Level 60 o The HDI for Local Government Areas 61 o The HPI-1 for Local Government Areas 66 o The GDI for Local Government Areas 68 o The GEM for Local Government Areas 69 Conclusion 70 Chapter Three: Environmental and Social Challenges in the Niger Delta 73 Poverty and Environmental Sustainability 73 The State of the Niger Delta Environment 74 § Environmental Problems Not Related to Industry 74 § Environmental Problems Related to Oil Operations 75 § Other Sources of Environmental Problems 80 Social Impacts 80 § The Oil Companies and the People 81 § Rapid, Uncontrolled Urbanization 83 § Loss of Fishing Grounds 84 § Land Losses and Shortages 84 § Deforestation and Forest Resource Depletion 85 § Occupational Disorientation 85 § The Influx of People into the Niger Delta 85 § Air Pollution and Health 87 § Waste Management and Health 88 § Impacts on Culture, Traditions and Authority Structures 89 The History of Environmental Management in the Niger Delta 90 Conclusion 92 Chapter Four: HIV&AIDS 93 A Challenge to Sustainable Human Development 93 The Prevalence of HIV&AIDS in the Niger Delta 94 Factors Behind the Epidemic 99 § Behavioural Factors 99 § Economic Factors 100 § Socio-cultural Factors 102 § Gender Relationships and HIV&AIDS 104 § Biological Factors 105 Government Responses 105 Impacts on Key Sectors 106 A Multidimensional Strategy 107 Conclusion 109 Chapter Five: Conflict and Conflict Management: Towards Sustainable Peace 111 Niger Delta, Yesterday and Today 111 Types of Conflict 112 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT ix
x § Intra-community Conflict 113 § Inter-community Conflict 115 § Inter-ethnic Conflict 118 § Communities and Oil Companies 120 Governance and Conflict 122 Economic and Social Costs 124 The Beneficiaries 125 Extra Burdens: Women and Youth 125 Conclusion 127 Chapter Six: Sustainable Livelihoods 129 Livelihood Opportunities and Activities 129 § The Informal Sector 131 § Multiple Incomes 132 § Small and Medium Enterprises 133 Capital Assets 134 § Human Capital 134 § Natural Capital 135 § Social Capital 136 § Infrastructure 139 Economic Growth that Promotes Sustainable Livelihoods 142 The Role of Regional Development Bodies 145 Livelihoods from the Oil and Gas Industry 145 Conclusion 146 Chapter Seven: A Human Development Agenda for the Niger Delta 147 Why a New Approach to Planning? 147 Human Development Scenarios 148 A Human Development Agenda for the Niger Delta 148 § Agenda 1: Peace as the Foundation 148 § Agenda 2: Governance Based on Genuine Democracy, Participation and Accountability 153 § Agenda 3: An Improved and Diversified Economy as the Lever of Progress 155 § Agenda 4: Promoting Social Inclusion 167 § Agenda 5: The Environment as a Basis for Sustainability 168 § Agenda 6: An Integrated Approach to Dealing With HIV&AIDS 171 § Agenda 7: Partnerships for Sustainable Human Development 172 Conclusion 175 References 177 Appendices 185 Technical Notes on Human Development Indices 213 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3: SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
Page 4 and 5: Foreword Over the past four decades
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
Page 8 and 9: OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
Page 12 and 13: Background Overview The Niger Delta
Page 14 and 15: ut also presents a challenge to int
Page 16 and 17: 2 should be resolved. An oil trust
Page 18 and 19: 5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
Page 22 and 23: aggregate, to how its peoples are f
Page 24 and 25: that allows tourism to thrive and s
Page 26 and 27: any mineral extracted in that regio
Page 28 and 29: put up similar resistance, but this
Page 30 and 31: and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
Page 32 and 33: Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
Page 34 and 35: 94 per cent of these have populatio
Page 36 and 37: expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
Page 38 and 39: to pockets of the region, in the ab
Page 40 and 41: Housing pattern in a typical Niger
Page 42 and 43: Revamping the rural economy by opti
Page 44 and 45: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
Page 48 and 49: in terms of this access, the level
Page 50 and 51: the full burden of environmental de
Page 52 and 53: effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61:
HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63:
Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65:
The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67:
Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69:
GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71:
gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73:
development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75:
HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77:
Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81:
Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83:
Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85:
CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87:
of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89:
Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91:
Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93:
others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95:
B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97:
abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99:
Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101:
There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103:
The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107:
five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109:
Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111:
Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113:
Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115:
the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117:
stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119:
Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121:
One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125:
The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127:
took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129:
One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131:
Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133:
groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135:
understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137:
The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139:
People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141:
CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145:
activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147:
participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149:
Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151:
een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153:
Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155:
drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157:
appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159:
CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163:
cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165:
purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167:
tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169:
identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171:
Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173:
• There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175:
In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177:
Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179:
4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181:
air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183:
6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185:
uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187:
• Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191:
Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193:
Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195:
Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197:
APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199:
Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201:
Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203:
Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205:
Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207:
Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209:
Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211:
Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213:
Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215:
Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217:
Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219:
Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
Page 220 and 221:
Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
Page 222 and 223:
47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
Page 224 and 225:
Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227:
1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
Page 228 and 229:
• A long and healthy life, as mea
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