Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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activity. Professionalizing the quality of service and monitoring this form of employment would help in formalizing it and ensuring decent wages. There is a pressing need to transform sectors that promise more and better employment in this way. Small and Medium Enterprises When considered individually, small and medium enterprises often look too limited to make any meaningful impact on the economy. But when taken as a group, their contribution can be significant. It is estimated that about 87 per cent of businesses in Nigeria are small, but they employ over 70 per cent of the total workforce. In the Niger Delta, aside from the tremendous oil and gas wealth, the region is endowed with a large number of Table 6.2: Distribution of Sampled Rural Men and Women by Income-Generating Activities in Ogoloma Community, Rivers State Type of activity Men engaged in (%) Women engaged in (%) Livestock rearing 26.7 12.9 Trading 33.3 64.5 Civil servant/teacher 26.7 9.7 Fishing/hunting 93.3 16.1 Gathering/selling NTFPs* Processing of farm and 20.0 22.6 other related products 13.3 16.1 Work as hired labourer 20.0 3.2 Carpenter/bricklayer 20.0 — Selling food/snacks 20.0 22.6 Tailor 26.7 22.6 Others Mean number of income-generating 20.0 22.6 activities 3.2 2.1 * NTFP stands for non-timber forest products such as snails, fruits, nuts, fuel, etc. Source: Olawoye 2002 working age people, along with land with the potential for cultivation and fishery resources. These provide platforms for cottage industries. Appropriate policies and programmes, including those focused on developing entrepreneurs, could nurture a wide range of small to medium enterprises. Any programme related to sustainable livelihoods should pay attention to this sector. Table 6.3 presents small and medium enterprises in the Niger Delta. Of the 2,377 There is need to formalize and transform sectors that promise more and better employment opportunities. Small and medium enterprises are essential to sustainable livelihoods. Programmes and policies should nurture them. Appropriate policies and programmes, including those focused on developing entrepreneurs, could nurture a wide range of small to medium enterprises. Table 6.3: Sectoral Distribution of Small and Medium Enterprises Surveyed in the Niger Delta Agriculture Manufacturing/ Tertiary services/ Multiple services Total traditional crafts mining and construction Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Abia 146 44.11 124 37.46 56 16.92 5 1.51 331 Akwa Ibom 56 22.22 90 35.71 104 41.27 2 0.79 252 Bayelsa 76 34.55 42 19.09 84 38.18 18 8.18 220 Cross River 52 20.63 56 22.22 144 57.14 0 0.00 252 Delta 80 37.56 26 12.21 75 35.21 32 15.02 213 Edo 44 17.60 54 21.60 125 50.00 27 10.80 250 Imo 77 21.69 180 50.70 94 26.48 4 1.13 355 Ondo 42 16.80 68 27.20 124 49.60 16 6.40 250 Rivers 55 21.65 69 27.17 129 50.79 1 0.39 254 Total 628 26.42 709 29.83 935 39.34 105 4.42 2,377 Source: Niger Delta Regional Master Plan Sector Report on Micro and Small Enterprises, Wider Perspectives Ltd., 2004 p. 35 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 133
Better production and processing modes of small and medium could improve efficiency and enhance incomes. People need opportunities to acquire skills and develop capacities that lead to productive and sustainable livelihoods. Some occupations, like traditional agricultural activities, need to be improved to attract youth. To enhance agricultural productivity and improve other enterprises, improved technology is needed. An important way of ensuring effective utilization of skills is facilitating access to capital. enterprises surveyed, 29.8 per cent are in manufacturing and 39.3 per cent are in tertiary services and construction, both of which are relevant to an industrialization strategy. An institutional framework would strengthen these enterprises by allowing a diagnosis of obstacles and the identification of possible solutions. The 2003 act establishing the Small-Medium Scale Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria is a step in the right direction. The role of this agency in the Niger Delta should be strongly promoted. Small and medium enterprises are often labour intensive, which ensures the employment of larger populations. Better production and processing modes, however, could improve efficiency and enhance incomes, while providing other benefits such as greater safety. For example, women in fishing communities involved in fish smoking often complain of heat and smoke exposure, and request improved equipment such as the Chokor oven, which can minimize health hazards from their activities. Capital Assets Human Capital Assets Human capital components of livelihoods include skills acquisition, knowledge and creativity. The available occupational and vocational data imply that the level of vocational skills acquisition in the Niger Delta is low. This comes both from policy neglect and public misconceptions about the inherent value of vocational training for both formal and informal employment. The number of formal vocational training institutions is also inadequate. More institutions and better policies are needed for people to acquire skills and develop the capacities that lead to productive and sustainable livelihoods, through entrepreneurship and self-employment. The vocational training initiative of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation is a novel idea that should be expanded, especially in areas where the potential for livelihood development is strong. Age and sex characteristics are significant determinants of the quality and capability of the human capital available. According to focus group participants, the aging rural population has affected agricultural productivity, for example. One person said, “As for us we are predominantly farmers that cannot farm again because of several reasons ranging from old age to illness to poverty.” Evidence suggests that women and youth suffer most under the present scenario of neglect in the Niger Delta. Skills acquisition programmes should clearly be targeted to these groups so they can be equipped for employment in the public and private sectors. Training and skill building must be geared to the enhancement of employment opportunities, especially for a representative spectrum of the region’s labour force to explore gainful activities in a variety of vocations and professions. Some occupations, particularly small-scale traditional activities like agriculture, need to be improved to attract youth, who may not want to engage in these activities, even though they are otherwise unemployed. A focus group participant said: “The economy is largely agrarian and as such farming and trade in farm produce constitute the main sources of livelihoods. But the youths who mostly prefer urban life seldom participate in such jobs which they term as ‘menial’.” The partnership in the Niger Delta between UNDP and Shell is currently assessing vocational institutions in some states, with a view towards defining the existing gaps in capacity, sparking greater demand for these institutions and enhancing their performance. The income from oil industry activities, including temporary construction work or short-term contracts, as well as from compensation for oil spills and the ‘conflict economy’, vastly exceed the sums earned in traditional occupations. To enhance agricultural productivity and improve other enterprises, and to encourage fuller participation in suitable activities, improved technology is needed. As the study for this report found, the residents of the Niger Delta are mostly peasant farmers without any help from the government or financial institutions. They contend that they need things like tractors, harvesters and machines for palm oil production. Manual production, according to the focus group 134 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
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Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
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The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
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Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
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GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
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gender equity improves human develo
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development in the Niger Delta regi
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HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
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Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
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Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
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Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
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Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
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CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
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of human life and economic activiti
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Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
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Agency's (1991) environmental stand
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others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107: five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111: Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121: One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157: appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161: Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163: cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165: purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167: tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169: identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171: Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173: • There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175: In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177: Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179: 4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181: air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183: 6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185: uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187: • Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189: Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191: Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193: Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
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Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
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APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
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Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
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Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
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Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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