Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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five per cent. Nearly half the delta states (Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Delta and Rivers) have either the same or higher prevalence rates as the national average. The Niger Delta and national rates rose from 1999 to 2001, but declined in 2003. This decline might not be an indication of successful strategies to stop HIV&AIDS, however. Official statistics over this period show a declining number of births attended to by trained medical practitioners, which is relevant given that the prevalence rate is obtained through sentinel surveys. Some experts contend that fewer Nigerians are taking voluntary tests for HIV. There are important variations in the distribution of HIV&AIDS among the nine states of the Niger Delta. Prevalence rates range from 2.3 per cent in Ondo to 12 per cent in Cross River State. Part of the explanation for this variation is that the latter state is bordered on three out of four sides by states with a prevalence level of six per cent or more. In the north, Cross River shares boundaries with Benue State, with a prevalence of 9.3 per cent. Prevalence levels increase dramatically as one moves from the South-West to the South-East of Nigeria, where industrial activities related to oil exploration are most intensive. Maps 4.1 to 4.4 show progressions in the incidence of HIV&AIDS in Nigeria through the years. They indicate a continuous rise in prevalence levels in the states of the Niger Delta in the period under review. Evidence from chart 4.3, however, shows three trends. First, Akwa Ibom, Edo and Imo states had consistent declines between 1999 and 2003, while the situation has been worsening in Abia and Cross River states. Rivers, Ondo, Delta and Bayelsa states worsened between 1999 and 2001 but improved in 2003. While developments in each state influence the dynamics of HIV prevalence in the region, the overall average is shaped by the situation in Rivers, Delta, Bayelsa and Ondo states (chart 4.4). Charts 4.5 and 4.6 provide a good view of the performance of the Niger Delta states relative to other states in Nigeria. The impact of HIV&AIDS has been particularly harsh in the Niger Delta. It is well known that the disease wreaks greater NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT havoc where there is poverty, social inequity and general political marginalization. Inadequate health systems prevent the management of the epidemic. The weakening of livelihoods and the social fabric in areas prone to oil exploitation creates additional problems in terms of care and support. Also disturbing is the limited access to anti-retroviral therapy. While no figures are available for the delta, the World Health Organization estimates that only one per cent of Africans living with HIV can obtain these drugs. Data from the 2003 National Sentinel Survey show that prevalence rates in the South-South region of Nigeria are higher in urban than in rural areas. Six of the Niger Delta states are within this region. In the South-West, where Ondo State is located, urban prevalence is also higher. The picture is different in the South-East, where HIV&AIDS rates are higher in rural than in urban areas. Data further show that in the South-South zone, the 20-24 age bracket displayed the highest prevalence, at 8.9 per cent, followed closely by the 25-29 age group with seven per cent. The lowest prevalence of 1.7 per cent was in the 15-19 age bracket. There was a consistent fall from 20-24 year-olds down to 40-49 year-olds (see chart 4.7). The high prevalence among younger people underscores the serious threat the epidemic poses to productivity now and in the future. In Nigeria and the Niger Delta, the dominant form of transmission of HIV is through heterosexual sex. Prevalence rates are higher for women (especially those aged 15-24 years) than for men, as are employment truncation rates. The gender patterns signify that traditional practices such as polygyny, the holding of concubines and permissive male sexual norms operate to make women more vulnerable. Evidence from the focus group discussions shows that the level of social exclusion and stigma is still high in the region. Women face a double vulnerability from the links between poverty and exclusion and HIV&AIDS. Prevalence is dramatically higher in areas with a heavy concentration of oil production. The disease wreaks greater havoc in the midst of poverty, social inequity and general political marginalization—all of which afflict the Niger Delta. 95
Table 4.1: HIV&AIDS Prevalence in the Niger Delta, 1999-2003 States Prevalence rates per cent 1999 2001 2003 Abia 3.0 3.3 3.7 Akwa Ibom 12.5 10.7 7.2 Bayelsa 4.3 7.2 4.0 Cross River 5.8 8.0 12.0 Delta 4.2 5.8 5.0 Edo 5.9 5.7 4.3 Imo 7.8 4.3 3.1 Ondo 2.9 6.7 2.3 Rivers 3.3 7.7 6.6 Niger Delta 5.5 6.6 5.4 Nigeria 5.3 5.7 4.8 Source: Technical Report, National HIV&AIDS Sentinel Survey, 2004. Chart 4.2: HIV Prevalence in the Niger Delta and Nigeria, 1999 - 2003 Map 4.1: HIV Prevalence Rates Among Anti-Natal Care Attendees by State, 1995 96 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69: GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71: gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73: development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75: HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77: Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79: Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81: Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83: Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87: of human life and economic activiti
Page 88 and 89: Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91: Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93: others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95: B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97: abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99: Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
Page 100 and 101: There is very little or no treatmen
Page 102 and 103: The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 108 and 109: Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111: Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113: Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115: the associated risks of HIV infecti
Page 116 and 117: stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119: Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121: One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
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appropriate investment promotion me
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CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
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Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
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cushions the state’s economy agai
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purposes, and the property rights o
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tertiary schools, and for different
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identification of the potentials fo
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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
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• There should be support for mor
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In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
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Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
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4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
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air caused by gas flares, the degra
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6 • appropriate and timely compen
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uild institutions for sustainable h
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• Act as pressure groups in restr
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Chapter One References African Netw
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Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
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Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
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Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
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APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
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Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
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Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
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Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
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Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
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Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
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Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
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Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
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Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
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Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
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Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
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Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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