Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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Chapter One References African Network on Environmental and Economic Justice (2004), ‘Oil of Poverty in Niger Delta’. Aigbokhan, B. E. (1998), ‘Poverty, Growth and Inequality in Nigeria: A Case Study’, a report from the African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi. Azu (2005), columnist, The Punch Newspaper. Bass, H. H. (1992), ‘Development and Popular Democracy as Productive Factors or Constructive Elements of a New Development Vision’, in H. H. Bass et al. eds., Industrialization Based On Agricultural Development: African Development Perspectives Yearbook, 1990/91, Hamburg: Lit Verlag. Burkey, Stan (1996), People First: A Guide to Self Reliant, Participatory Rural Development, London: Zed Books Ltd. Central Bank of Nigeria (1999), Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, Abuja. ——— (2005), ‘Baseline Study on Small- Medium Industries in Nigeria’, Abuja. Chinsman, B. (1995), ‘Putting People First’, a statement to the Journalist Encounter at the World Summit for Social Development, 20 February. Development Policy Centre (2001), Socio- Economic Mapping of the Niger Delta, a report prepared for Shell Petroleum Development Company, Ibadan. ERML (1997), Environmental and Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Niger Delta. Federal Office of Statistics (1999), Poverty Profile of Nigeria, 1980-96, Lagos. ——— (2004), Living Standards Survey of NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT Nigeria 2003/2004, a draft report, Abuja. Fukuda-Parr, S., and A. K. Shiva Kumar eds. (2003), Readings in Human Development, Oxford University Press. Gary, I., and T. Karl (2003), ‘Bottom of the Barrel: Africa’s Oil Boom and the Poor’, New York: Catholic Relief Services. Ghai, D. (1988), ‘Participatory Development: Some Perspectives from Grassroots Experiences’, Discussion Paper 5, UN Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva. Imobighe, T. M. (2004), ‘Conflict in the Niger Delta: A Unique Case or a Model for Future Conflicts in Other Oil Producing Countries?’, in Rudolf Traub-Merz and Douglas Yates eds., Oil Policy in the Gulf of Guinea: Security & Conflict, Economic Growth, Social Development, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. International Labour Organization (1977), Meeting Basic Needs: Strategies for Eradicating Mass Poverty and Unemployment, Geneva. Jonathan, G. E. (2004), Niger Delta: Challenge of Sustainable Development, Calabar: Nigerian Union of Journalists (Cross River State Chapter). Mosunmolu Limited (1998), ‘Flooding study of the Niger delta’. Niger Delta Environmental Survey (NDES) (2000), Niger Delta Development Priorities and Action Plan, phase II report, vol. 2. Oladipo, E. O. (1996), ’Çommunity Participation in Development’, a paper presented at the ‘Policy-level Seminar on Accountability and Transparency’, UNDP/ National Planning Commission, Akure, 11- 13 March. OECD (1995), Participatory Development and 177
Good Governance, Paris. Powell, I. (1995), Wildlife Study Report for Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) of Nigeria. Sen, Amartya (1989), ‘Development as Capacity Expansion’, in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar eds. (2003), Readings in Human Development, Oxford University Press, pp. 3-16. ul Haq, Mabbub (1995), ‘The Human Development Paradigm’, in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar eds. (2003), Readings in Human Development, Oxford University Press, pp. 17-34. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2001), Human Development Report 2001, New York, Oxford University Press. West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management (2004), Social Welfare Sector Study Final Report on the Niger Delta Region, submitted to coordinating consultants (GTZ/Wilbahi). Chapter Two Central Bank of Nigeria (1999), Annual Report and Statement of Account 1999, Abuja. Central Bank of Nigeria (2003), Annual Report and Statement of Account 2003, Abuja. Federal Environmental Protection Agency (1991), ’National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations’, Lagos. Federal Office of Statistics (1999), Poverty Profile of Nigeria, Abuja. Federal Office of Statistics 2004. “Report of Nigeria Living Standard Survey 2003/2004, p.78, 81 Francis, P., J. A. Akinwumi, P. Ngin, S. A. Nkom, J. A. Olomajaya, F. Okunmadewa and D. J. Shehu (1996), State, Community and Local Development in Nigeria, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Government of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Economy and Planning (2000), ‘Human Development Index for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’. Jahan, Selim (2003), ‘Unequal Human Impacts of Environmental Damage’, in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar eds. (2003), Readings in Human Development, Oxford University Press, pp. 336-337. National Bureau of Statistics (2004), Poverty Profile of Nigeria, Abuja. National Bureau of Statistics/Federal Office of Statistics (2005), ‘Report of Nigeria Living Standard Survey 2003/ 2005’, Abuja. Ololesusi, Femi, V. A. Adeyeye and Niyi Gbadegeshin (1993), ‘The Impact of the River Bank Erosion Control Strategies on Agriculture in River State of Nigeria’, a research report submitted to the Social Science Council, New York. Oluwole, A. F., H. B. Olaniyi, F. A. Akeredolu, O. J. Ogunsola and I. B. Obioh (1996), ‘Impact of the Petroleum Industry on Air Quality in Nigeria’, a paper presented at the 8th Biennial International Seminar on the Petroleum Industry and the Nigerian Environment, Port-Harcourt, 17- 21 November. Phil Anozia Consultants (2002), ’Environmental Impact Valuation Report on Oil Spillage Along the SPDC Trans- Niger Pipeline at Ogbodo, Ikwere, LGA’, submitted to the Rivers State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Port- Harcourt. Uchegbu, A. (1984), ‘Legal framework for oil spill and clean-up liability and compensation in Nigeria’, proceedings of the International Seminar on the 1983 Petroleum Industry and the Nigerian Environment, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Lagos, pp. 33-38. Udoette, U. B. (1997), ‘Effect of Administration of Qua Iboe Light Crude Oil on Bio-chemical Parameters in Albino Wistar Rats’, M.Sc. thesis, Biochemistry Department, University of Calabar. Udotong, I. R. (1991), ’Environmental Monitoring and Effect of Petroleum 178 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3:
SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
Page 22 and 23:
aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
Page 32 and 33:
Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
Page 36 and 37:
expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
Page 38 and 39:
to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
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Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
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The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
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Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
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GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
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gender equity improves human develo
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development in the Niger Delta regi
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HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77:
Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
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Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
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Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
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Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
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CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
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of human life and economic activiti
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Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
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Agency's (1991) environmental stand
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others. These changes have in turn
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B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
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abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99:
Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
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There is very little or no treatmen
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The flooding problem of the Niger D
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CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
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five per cent. Nearly half the delt
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Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111:
Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113:
Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
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the associated risks of HIV infecti
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stems from biological, social, cult
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Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121:
One particular point of outreach in
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CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
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The most common and vicious forms o
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took control of Nembe and banished
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One of the shools destroyed during
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Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
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groups have produced charters, decl
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understanding with host communities
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The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157: appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161: Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163: cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165: purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167: tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169: identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171: Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173: • There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175: In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177: Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179: 4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181: air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183: 6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185: uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187: • Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 190 and 191: Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193: Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195: Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197: APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199: Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201: Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203: Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205: Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207: Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209: Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211: Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213: Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215: Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217: Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219: Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
Page 220 and 221: Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
Page 222 and 223: 47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
Page 224 and 225: Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227: 1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
Page 228 and 229: • A long and healthy life, as mea
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