Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Trade Supplant a Reliance on Oil In Latin American countries, successful efforts were made in promoting rural economic diversification and competitiveness, including nontraditional agricultural exports and access to specialty markets. To help rural small and medium farmers and improve rural enterprise competitiveness, business development and marketing services centres were established and effectively operated. In Central Latin America, trade and investment were used as the twin engine of economic growth, which played essential role in reducing poverty in the region. To achieve this several trade agreements were entered into. In Mexico, for instance, rural competitiveness was achieved through diversification and penetration of agricultural as well as manufactured goods niche markets. One of the drivers of diversification in Mexico is expanding her network of free trade agreement. It extended trade and investment pacts with many countries in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Latin American neighbours. An important outcome of this is the diversification from an oil-dominated economy in the 1970s. As a percentage of total exports, non-oil products rose from 38 percent in 1983 to 93 percent in 2000. Manufactured goods accounted for over 90 percent of exports, with Mexico becoming the eighth largest exporter, selling about $13 billion worth of goods. Source: USAID (2003); “USAID: Latin American Caribbean Overview”, http//www.usaid.gov/policy/budget. Centre for International Private Enterprise (CIPE)(2001): “Mexico: Fighting Causes of Past Crises” http//www.cipe.org/publications/fs/ articles Box 7.4: The UAE Diversifies Based on Regional Comparative Advantages The UAE is the fourth largest producer of oil in the Organization Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) with reserves estimated at 98 billion barrels (10% of the world reserves). Oil contributed 36% of GDP in 2003. Since the early 1980s, the two main economic aims of the UAE authorities have been to reduce the dependence on hydrocarbons and to boost private sector activities. To this end, a twenty-year diversification plan was put in place with an allocation of (US) $24 billion to develop the non-oil economy. The major strategy is to diversify its developing trading, financial, petrochemical and technological industries, as well as tourism. To achieve, this, regional economic specialization through comparative advantages was implemented. Abu Dhabi specializes in energy-based industries; Dubai in commercial and financial services, telecommunication and trading; Sharjah in light manufacturing; and the northern emirates in agriculture, quarrying and cement manufacturing. As of 1999, oil production accounted for 25.6% of GDP, 39% of exports and 88% of government revenues. Nonoil sector accounted for 74.4% of GDP. Its per capita income rose from $16,996 in 1998 through 2004 to $23,870 in 2004. Source: Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (2001); “2000 Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: United Arab Emirate”. TDC Trade (2006); “Market Profiles: United Arab Emirates (UAE)”. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 159
A newly rehabilitated road in one of the Niger Delta States To diversify the region’s economy beyond oil and gas activities, commercial cultivation of vast agricultural products needs to be initiated and promoted. to large-scale industry to leverage growth. • Industrial activities for which a node has some comparative advantage— such as raw materials, or community production and marketing structures—should be encouraged through support from the oil and gas industry, the NDDC, and state and local governments. • A growth pole strategy should involve the location of a few propulsive industries in growth centres, around which will revolve a range of socioeconomic activities in the surrounding rural areas. For example, a major rubber, cocoa, or palm oil processing industry in a growth centre could propel smaller-scale industrial development activities and lead to more integrated rural-urban development. 1 Although the challenges are daunting, they are not impossible. For instance, Malaysia’s consumer electronics industry was developed from scratch in the early 1970s and now dominates exports, employing almost 400,000 people. This achievement accounted for the dramatic difference in per capita income in 2003, which was US $9,000 for Malaysia, compared to US $800 for Nigeria (Myers, 2005). 160 NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
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Foreword Over the past four decades
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Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
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OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
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§ The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
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Background Overview The Niger Delta
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ut also presents a challenge to int
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2 should be resolved. An oil trust
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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also
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CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
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aggregate, to how its peoples are f
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that allows tourism to thrive and s
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any mineral extracted in that regio
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put up similar resistance, but this
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and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
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Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
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94 per cent of these have populatio
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expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
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to pockets of the region, in the ab
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Housing pattern in a typical Niger
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Revamping the rural economy by opti
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
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in terms of this access, the level
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the full burden of environmental de
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effective machinery to hold elected
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NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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whether the overall level of povert
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available data suggest that females
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HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
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Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
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The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
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Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
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GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
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gender equity improves human develo
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development in the Niger Delta regi
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HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
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Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
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Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
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Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
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Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
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CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
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of human life and economic activiti
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Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
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Agency's (1991) environmental stand
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others. These changes have in turn
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B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
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abandon their traditional occupatio
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Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
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There is very little or no treatmen
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The flooding problem of the Niger D
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CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
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five per cent. Nearly half the delt
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Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
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Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
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Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
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the associated risks of HIV infecti
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stems from biological, social, cult
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Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121: One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
Page 124 and 125: The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127: took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129: One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131: Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133: groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135: understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137: The frequent conflicts and the asso
Page 138 and 139: People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
Page 144 and 145: activity. Professionalizing the qua
Page 146 and 147: participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149: Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
Page 150 and 151: een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
Page 154 and 155: drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157: appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161: Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163: cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165: purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167: tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169: identification of the potentials fo
Page 172 and 173: • There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175: In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177: Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179: 4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181: air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183: 6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185: uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187: • Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189: Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191: Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193: Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
Page 194 and 195: Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197: APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199: Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201: Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203: Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205: Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207: Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209: Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211: Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213: Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215: Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217: Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219: Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
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Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
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47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
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Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
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1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
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• A long and healthy life, as mea
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