Niger Delta Human Development Report - UNDP Nigeria - United ...

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5 6 Social cohesiveness could also be advanced through the establishment of local development funds that garner contributions from various stakeholders, including the Federal Government and oil companies, but are managed locally. Promote environmental sustainability to preserve the means of people’s sustainable livelihoods. This report traces the many intricate links between the environment and sustainable livelihoods, demonstrating that environmental degradation and poverty are mutually reinforcing. This underscores the urgency of proactive steps to conserve natural resources, reduce pollution especially from oil spills and gas flares, and reach adequate targets for clean air and water, and soil fertility. There is a need to raise environmental awareness including through the provision of information based on the collection of credible data. Other necessary steps include instituting the polluter–pays principle, passing and enforcing environmental laws, institutionalizing equitable compensation regimes for oil and gas-related activities, ensuring environmental considerations in budgets across different sectors, and bolstering existing environmental institutions. Overall, environmental sustainability should be mainstreamed in all development activities. Environmental laws should protect the rights of citizens, establish mandatory environmental standards for the oil and gas business that are not below average global standards, and provide easier access to judicial redress when either the government or businesses violate people’s rights. Take an integrated approach to HIV&AIDS Any human development agenda must factor in the burdens imposed by HIV&AIDS. The Niger Delta now has HIV prevalence rates that are among the highest in Nigeria. Since HIV&AIDS is much more than a health issue, dealing with it requires an integrated approach involving federal, state and local governments, the NDDC and other government agencies, the private sector, civil society groups and international organizations. Strong 7 leadership is needed at all levels to push for meaningful results. Policies need to focus not only on the control of the HIV virus, but also on coping mechanisms for the large number of infected people in the region. Potential strategies include strong advocacy among top-level policy makers coupled with public awareness campaigns on the multidimensional nature of HIV&AIDS, including in terms of high-risk behaviour. All forms of gender discrimination should be discouraged, and people should be educated on the laws against some risky traditional practices. Employers should establish work-place policies on HIV&AIDS, and oil companies should integrate HIV&AIDS assistance into their social responsibility and community development activities. State and local governments and the NDDC should institutionalize their responses to HIV&AIDS. Governments, oil companies, other private sector enterprises, NGOs and donors should collectively improve the quality and accessibility of health care and HIV&AIDS facilities and equipment. Build sustainable partnerships for the advancement of human development. The development of the Niger Delta region cannot be the responsibility of any one level of government alone. While the Federal Government can take the lead on overarching issues influencing development in the region, it has to work with many stakeholders and partners if change is going to be sustainable and meaningful. The different levels and branches of government should form partnerships around plans for sustainable development and the attainment of the MDGs; accountability and transparency in the use of available resources; the creation and sustenance of the right environment for meaningful development; the promotion of investment; social inclusion and popular participation in decision-making; broad-based consultations for peace-building; the deliberate empowerment of women and youth groups; and resource mobilization for de- Environmental sustainability should be mainstreamed in all development activities. Public awareness campaigns should recognize that HIV&AIDS is much more than a health issue. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 7
8 Many stakeholders must work together if change is going to be meaningful. velopment. For their part, organized private sector operators have already committed themselves to certain corporate social responsibilities, particularly those that improve their operating environment. They can now align themselves with a human development agenda in the delta by promoting good neighbourliness and mutual coexistence with host communities; shunning unscrupulous business practices and the abuse of the environment; embracing consultative processes and popular participation; providing mentoring programmes and scholarships to aid the development of critical industrial competencies; and exhibiting good faith in abiding by international best practices in compensation payments and their general operations. Community-based organizations and civil society groups can build partnerships to uphold legitimate avenues for redress— such as consultation and negotiation—for injustices and discontent arising from strained relationships among the government, communities and the oil industry. Community groups can promote local acceptance and ownership of socio-economic development reforms, and civic, voter and peace education for the acculturation of democratic tenets. They can motivate and mobilize youth to engage in political, social and economic processes, and act as pressure groups backing sustainable democracy. Finally, bilateral and multilateral donors can support the spirit of partnership by setting their development priorities in line with the guidelines and oversight functions of the Nigerian Government, and working consistently to achieve development symmetry through the harmonization of individual agency efforts and the avoidance of unnecessary duplication. Agencies such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) can call upon all partners to buy into a human development agenda, which will be the only guarantee of peace and prosperity for all concerned. NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 2 and 3: SUMMARY NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPME
Page 4 and 5: Foreword Over the past four decades
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements The Niger Delta Hu
Page 8 and 9: OMPADEC Oil Mineral Producing Areas
Page 10 and 11: § The HP1-1 for the Niger Delta Re
Page 12 and 13: Background Overview The Niger Delta
Page 14 and 15: ut also presents a challenge to int
Page 16 and 17: 2 should be resolved. An oil trust
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE Introduction AMAZING PA
Page 22 and 23: aggregate, to how its peoples are f
Page 24 and 25: that allows tourism to thrive and s
Page 26 and 27: any mineral extracted in that regio
Page 28 and 29: put up similar resistance, but this
Page 30 and 31: and HIV&AIDS. The information sourc
Page 32 and 33: Box 1.7: Climate The Niger Delta ha
Page 34 and 35: 94 per cent of these have populatio
Page 36 and 37: expectancy index of 0.78 for Saudi
Page 38 and 39: to pockets of the region, in the ab
Page 40 and 41: Housing pattern in a typical Niger
Page 42 and 43: Revamping the rural economy by opti
Page 44 and 45: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER TWO The Human Development S
Page 48 and 49: in terms of this access, the level
Page 50 and 51: the full burden of environmental de
Page 52 and 53: effective machinery to hold elected
Page 54 and 55: NIGER DELTA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
Page 56 and 57: whether the overall level of povert
Page 58 and 59: available data suggest that females
Page 60 and 61: HIV&AIDS in chapter four, so it wil
Page 62 and 63: Gas Flare at Umuchem Table 2.8: Com
Page 64 and 65: The HDI for the Niger Delta Region
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.10: Trends in Human Develop
Page 68 and 69:
GDP index of 0.570. Chart 2.4 provi
Page 70 and 71:
gender equity improves human develo
Page 72 and 73:
development in the Niger Delta regi
Page 74 and 75:
HDI, particularly in Bayelsa and Ri
Page 76 and 77:
Map 2.6: Map of the Niger Delta Reg
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2.14: Disparities in the HPI-
Page 80 and 81:
Saharan Africa, the Niger Republic,
Page 82 and 83:
Map 2.12: Map of the Niger Delta Re
Page 84 and 85:
CHAPTER THREE Environmental and Soc
Page 86 and 87:
of human life and economic activiti
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Chart 3.1: Quantities and Causes of
Page 90 and 91:
Agency's (1991) environmental stand
Page 92 and 93:
others. These changes have in turn
Page 94 and 95:
B. Income-producing trees Avocado B
Page 96 and 97:
abandon their traditional occupatio
Page 98 and 99:
Box 3.6: Resolving the Niger Delta
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There is very little or no treatmen
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The flooding problem of the Niger D
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FOUR HIV&AIDS A CHALLENGE T
Page 106 and 107:
five per cent. Nearly half the delt
Page 108 and 109:
Map 4.2: HIV Prevalence Rates Among
Page 110 and 111:
Chart 4.6: HIV Prevalence Trends in
Page 112 and 113:
Orubuloye et al. 1992; Oyeneye et a
Page 114 and 115:
the associated risks of HIV infecti
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stems from biological, social, cult
Page 118 and 119:
Chart 4.10: State Responses to HIV/
Page 120 and 121:
One particular point of outreach in
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER FIVE Conflict and Conflict
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The most common and vicious forms o
Page 126 and 127:
took control of Nembe and banished
Page 128 and 129:
One of the shools destroyed during
Page 130 and 131:
Box 5.3: Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1990
Page 132 and 133:
groups have produced charters, decl
Page 134 and 135:
understanding with host communities
Page 136 and 137:
The frequent conflicts and the asso
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People. It presented its Ogoni Bill
Page 140 and 141:
CHAPTER SIX Sustainable Livelihoods
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.1: Unemployment and Underem
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activity. Professionalizing the qua
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participants, is hard and tedious a
Page 148 and 149:
Box 6.3: Environmental Degradation
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een largely limited to urban or per
Page 152 and 153:
Table 6.5: Selected Community Devel
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drawing other industries to their l
Page 156 and 157:
appropriate investment promotion me
Page 158 and 159:
CHAPTER SEVEN A Human Development A
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.1: People’s Vision of the
Page 162 and 163:
cushions the state’s economy agai
Page 164 and 165:
purposes, and the property rights o
Page 166 and 167:
tertiary schools, and for different
Page 168 and 169:
identification of the potentials fo
Page 170 and 171:
Box 7.3: In Mexico, New Forms of Tr
Page 172 and 173:
• There should be support for mor
Page 174 and 175:
In both Rivers and Delta states, mo
Page 176 and 177:
Niger Delta Youths Metal fabricator
Page 178 and 179:
4 PROMOTING SOCIAL INCLUSION The ag
Page 180 and 181:
air caused by gas flares, the degra
Page 182 and 183:
6 • appropriate and timely compen
Page 184 and 185:
uild institutions for sustainable h
Page 186 and 187:
• Act as pressure groups in restr
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter One References African Netw
Page 190 and 191:
Effluent on Some Biota of the Lower
Page 192 and 193:
Agents of Environmental Regeneratio
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Sexual Networking: Identifying Part
Page 196 and 197:
APPENDIX ONE Appendices Table A1.1:
Page 198 and 199:
Table A1.4: Type of Housing Constru
Page 200 and 201:
Yakurr 0.442 0.372 0.399 0.404 23.2
Page 202 and 203:
Mbo 0.408 0.295 0.258 0.320 24.075
Page 204 and 205:
Orlu 0.567 0.349 0.320 0.412 25.527
Page 206 and 207:
Obudu 19.35 25.50 22.00 22.57 Odukp
Page 208 and 209:
Ondo West 34.00 22.50 32.50 30.49 O
Page 210 and 211:
Oshimili North 7.50 16.00 19.40 15.
Page 212 and 213:
Ogu/Bolo 11.80 23.50 28.23 23.13 Ok
Page 214 and 215:
Ose 0.466 0.556 0.234 0.419 Owo 0.5
Page 216 and 217:
Owerri Municipal 0.506 0.658 0.249
Page 218 and 219:
Akure North 0.000 0.924 0.067 0.330
Page 220 and 221:
Ngor/Okpala 0.000 0.927 0.062 0.330
Page 222 and 223:
47) L. Adele Jinadu Centre for Adva
Page 224 and 225:
Technical Note TECHNICAL NOTE ON HU
Page 226 and 227:
1.4 Interpolation for Missing Data
Page 228 and 229:
• A long and healthy life, as mea
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