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Thc oscillarions appcar as saves. and thc tirnc to complcte one full $a\e !-ycle'is callcd a "p€nd." Thc¡ are dirided rnto tfuce groups b¡ lcngrh of ¡he rh.rrhm. l-ltradian are rh¡rhms of 20 hours or lcss. Crrcadran encompasscs rh¡rhms bc¡seen l0-:S hor¡n. urd lnfndiarì arÊ rhrrhrns gre¡rcr rhan lt hours. Thc lancr includc rhythms callcd circascptan (7 da¡s, t 3 days). circadisepan (14 days t 3 days). circavigintan (21 days. :3 days). circauigintan (30 days. t 5 days) and circaannud (onc yea¡. r 3 months). According to Har¡s & Tor¡itor¡ (1994) tbcre is cvidcnce of 7 day. 30 day and annual rh¡hms in humanr as well as tlr cúcadian and ultradian rh¡hms. Ci¡cadia¡r rhythrns b¡ve bcco rccognizcd for dccadcs. Yct tbc biologicel çl6t th¡r regulecs rbe ' z4-bcrrr ptysiologicel eod bcbavioral rhythms wrs not idcotificd r¡otil üc l97os. Tbcsc trc bitucrally locarcd nræþi crllcd thc supræhircmiç a¡¡cþi (SCI\Ð r¡e læ¿cd ¡bove ùÊ optic chiasm in thc ütcrior bypotheh¡rr¡s. TbcsÊ nælci r¡e osidc¡cd thc circedirn pcn¡¡|cr1 Destrucrion of tl¡csc nr¡clei producc an arräytbmia and scvere disnt¡io bdu¡cca behavior urd physiologicd paranrtcrs i¡rcluding the timing of food i¡take and slecp. TÞy appcar Dot ro regulatc ¡hc anrcunt of eithcr of thcsc bchaviors (Tu¡ek ¿1, Rccrà. 19961. Signals produccd by ttrc SCN arc botb bormood u¡d ncurd. Gr¿ñcd nr¡clci without ncr¡nl coûrctioos restorc circadian rbythms of cating and activiry. Melrtoni¡ rcrctions, howeve¡, a¡e not rcstorcd. $gges¡i¡g ncuron cootrol. Melaronin r€ccptors bave boco for¡od in thc SC.I\I rDd appcar ro bc parr of a fecdback rncchaoism thal causcs shifu in tþ ci¡cadi¡¡ clock. Tbe SCI.I has bccn found to posscss is own built-in rh¡hm. Evidencc gatbered thus fa¡ indicarcs rha¡ SC.¡{ receive i¡formation about thc hght-dark cycle viatrlo ncural patbways fromthc optic ner\e. one from rhe retinohypothala¡nic tract and thc othcr through t-be geruculohypotåalamic trztct. TÞ taner parh*'ay appcå¡s to pro\ rde rnfo¡mati_on or signals that bclp witb ¡ecorra¡¡¡ænt afrcr a shifi rn tbc iigl',r-a"rk c¡cle. Bur rccent rc-s¿a¡ch appca¡s to ind¡care tbat othcr phoro re.-eptors ma)' also be inrol.ed n the ent¡a:nmcnt process lCampbcll & \l,rrph¡. 1993' Peak leicls of ph¡srolo_eical functroning occur dunng thc Lght phase of ûre lighr/dark c¡'cle This sy'nchronÍzatron o[ph¡srologicd rh¡'thrns enhances *ork pcrfornrancc dr.urng the da¡irrr urd suppons slccp at rught b¡ nurunt do* n ¡ìc rrr¡abolrc tlrcrmo;ut The in¡croal synchronizauon of rhc ra¡¡ablc np¡ebolic p:ìra¡Tìctcrs *'ith the light/dark cyclc are runed for opumal functioning. Ovcr l0O biological rh¡rhrns are gcnctically gerrcratcd within thc human body, then eouai¡cd or synchronized to bener *'ork in conccrt 1-Wchr. 199ó:TaÌabasi. 1996). Tlr greatcr the synchronization bctrrecn hormonc production. nre¡abolic rate. enzyn¡c a¡d ocu¡ot¡ansmicc¡ s¡'nthesis. rlrc higher thc amplirude of the rb¡hm and thc tÌe¿ter thc communicarion bcn¡eco the body's cclls. Thus, the maintenancc of a stront circadian rhythm c¿rrics *itl it considcrablc ramifications for good health. *cU-bcing. and functioning Cw-eh¡. 19961. The suprachiasrruc nuclei. togctìcr w'ith the pineal gland. function as nrubolic and bchauioral concen conduc¡ors in cue *'ith cnr'ûonmcntal factors such as tight/duk. nral timing. social interaction. and physical activiry. This syncfuonization of in¡ernal and behaviord r*'irh rhc Lilerature Reyie¡ Page 22
errernsl en\rronrEnt afound rhe 24 hour day (circa=about: dies-4l¡ t rs cdled ci¡cad¡an rh-rrhm entrilnfr¡cnt. AJrhough orhcr inrernal and ertcrnal factors do play a role' thc Itghr'dark cycle is the major cn¡¡ainnrnr facror for most of ¡hc animal kingdom. For humans. rlrough. thc Light'dark cycle is felt to Þ a rclarivcly weak synchronizaiion of tlre human circadian rh¡rhm for two ¡easons. Compared ro orhcr ani^¡t. itr. tigttt scnsitivity th¡eshold as a synchronizing faaor is -.rri¿.r.uly elcvucd. For comparisoo rhc ti¡ht inænsity rcquired for 91ryt'iut s¡æcbronization in . t.*"cr is only .5 lr¡¡. u¡bcrcas fq hunrans estimatcs raoge froo l2G256ltu (Reinbcrg ¡l' srnorcnsry, l9g4):This niscs qwstioos eboü rbc adcquæy of indoor ligbting. sccoo4 ma¡ is rbc only rþi'' rhat livcs q'¡sidc of tþ daylnigbt cycle. socia¡ eavfuon¡æot appcå¡s to play e fætìe ir8pofr¡st ¡oþ in e¡tnin¡æ¡u Sæi¡l f¡aors thu crn n rà¡hms iacludc ùcmpc¡¡¡¡¡¡. flight duty, sress. el it Wegmann. t9t7). Excrcisc or activity dso rpion. Ferrer ct d. (1995) ci¡c evidcncc that pts to shifr work changes rcgardless of is ;icdly fit ¡¡d cxcrcisc rcgularly have highcr ¡ds, and ¡bosc with Ugh ci¡cadian rhythm rcr et d., lfs). This belps to explain s'hy age' i to increascd slecp diffrcultics. poor adjustræot tc night *ork and t¡a¡rsrrrridian flighs in ¡-ho- over 50 - FacF oT the Clock Ope rations Circ¡dian Rh¡ thm and Perforrn¡¡cl ñere rs a subsr¿¡rtiaJ bod¡ of rcsca¡ch rh¡r sho*s de;reascd p
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Airline Air Wisconsin Alaska Allegh
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AVIATION RULEMAKING ADVISORY COI\Í
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-..-.-__-^ Another reference is A S
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121 .xxx Reserve Rest (a) (b) (c) P
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12l.xxx Reseme Rest Part II: Pilots
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(2) Rescheduling the beginning of a
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(c) A certiftcate holder may assign
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(d) When there are no other resene
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A Example: Example: For augmented I
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. . . It is important to realize th
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(3) Rescheduling the Protected rime
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with time since awake for all times
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alerting is gone, when you're alone
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circadian lo*'¡here is a very shar
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(d) When there are no other reseme
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a A a A a A We're shooting around t
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V X I q N g d d V
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Table of Contents l.O Crcnerat Prin
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INTRODUCTION PrinciPles and Guideli
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has obtaincd required sle+ will be
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speciñc principles and guidetines
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perfomrance-impairing fatigue. Ther
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2.7 summary overview: Guidelines an
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REPORT DOCU]VI ËNì AI'ION PAUts,
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Uterature Reyiex' An Overvlew of th
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\l'hat Is Fatigue The oblectir.e of
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cf inaction t1'pical of fatigue (Nc
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The orderty planning and sequencing
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mrcrosleeps can also lead to enor o
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\ hen in fact they *'ere in thc pro
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shift *orkers (Colligan & Tepas. 19
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Environmental Factors The ph¡sical
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exrended or reduced ,{,lthough resu
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concluded (hat at least ló hou¡so
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thar re:tncrrng sleep to 5 hor.¡¡
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e\rernal en\rronrrcnt around the24
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L¡,m- and orlad¡ ( 198 I ). in th
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addit¡on murriplc missions and cum
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Augmented Cren's Linle rescarch has
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urnc asle€p and auditory th¡esho
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Denrcnt. \\'. c.. c¿¡skadon. M. 4
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Hamson. Y.. Horne.J. A' (1997)' Sle
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Lun¡.T D..French J.&Mircha.J.L (19
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(Eds.). Ìtiight and Shift \\'ork.
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p,oceedings o_f a sepr,-ntber r99J
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O X-éZlrj¡ú'uÞ
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"Review of propccd flþht d-ury E4l
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'i!îiîri'Jüffi ,['å3åo,ilfi ff
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"Review of proposcd flight d-uty rc
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"Review of proposcd flight dury rcg
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"Rerriew of pmposcd flight duty æg
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"Rcview of proposcd flight d-ury re
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"Review of proposcd flight d-ury rc
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"Revicw of propæcd flight dury rcg
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Remarks by Dr. William Dement to th
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The second thing is that all sleep
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Well, there's an ideal time to slee
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I'm typicallv so sleep depriaed tha
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Coing beyond that, what is probably
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could certainly get the probability
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that WOCL, if you will. Whether it'
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It seems lilce common sense. Fairly
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All sorts of things happen, but the
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Fatigue, Alcohol and Perforrnance I
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taj X-VZFJ¡ÉFúÞ
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TNTRODUCTION The rcgative ::-pa:i o
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}IETHOD Subjccts Tweuty-two partici
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Druing test sessions, subjects were
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(t:00em¡:esing sesslcn of each con
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P€rformance pruErneter \Àas asso
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irnpaircd by apprcx:raarely 6 87ó
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-+-.r more complex neurobcbsvior¡r
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A rurth:r expla:ration for thc dtff
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REFERE]{CES Angus, R.G. and Heslegn
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Mullaney, D.J., Kripkc, D.F., Flec&
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TABLE I Summary of li¡ea¡ rgessio
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e ;U tr E.2 I 6 o 8.6 ¡u l z-¿ -1
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t) 2 a E e ê. 1) G C () 'l I 1 -¡
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I I äãË 's.8 ¡ Zã¿ .- , ¡r
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Crev. tattgue tactors m a\nauon ac
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Cre'., fattgue tactors tn auarlon a
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AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS ISSUES GROUP
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L AIR LINE PILOTS 535 HEFìNDON PAF
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Economic Impact Industr.v/managemen
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Daæ: Februarl' l, 1999 To: Air Ca
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ARAC WORKING GROUP PILOT MEMBERS SU
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Airline Air Wisconsin Alaska Allegh
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AVIATION RULEMAKING ADVISORY CONÍM
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Another reference is A Sci¿n¡ific
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l2l.xxx Reserve Rest PART I: PROPOS
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Part II: Pilots' Proposal with Inte
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(2) Rescheduling the beginning of a
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(c) A certiftcate holder may assign
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(d) When therc ore no olher resene
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A Example: Example: For augmented I
Page 193 and 194:
. . . It is importanr to realize th
Page 195 and 196: t (3) Rescheduling the Protected Ti
Page 197 and 198: with tirne since awake for all time
Page 199 and 200: alerting is gone. when you're alone
Page 201 and 202: circadian low there is a very sharp
Page 203 and 204: t (d) When lhere are no other reser
Page 205 and 206: Q: We're shooting a¡ound the subje
Page 208 and 209: a o a
Page 210 and 211: Teblc of Contents 1.0 -'i.iéi;;,t;
Page 212 and 213: - Ch¡.lleugç to Human Pbysiologr
Page 214 and 215: ¡s ob¡ai¡rcd required sle+ *ill
Page 216 and 217: spcciñc prirriptes and guidclincs
Page 218 and 219: pcrformancc-impairing fatig.ß Tlpr
Page 220 and 221: 2.? Summary Overview: Guidelines ¡
Page 222: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Fotn 49a6
Page 225 and 226: I)teralure R¿r ¡e x An Ovcrvtew o
Page 227 and 228: \t'h¡t ls Fatigue The ob¡ccti'e o
Page 229 and 230: Sccrcury Ron Brown funher illustrar
Page 231 and 232: The orderly planning and sequencing
Page 233 and 234: mlcrosleeps can also lead to enor o
Page 235 and 236: \Ahcn in fact thcy r¡'erc in t5c p
Page 237 and 238: shift uorken (Colligan & Tepas. l9t
Page 239 and 240: Environmentel Factots The phrsic¡l
Page 241 and 242: ex¡cnded or reduced. Although resu
Page 243 and 244: conclu,Jed rhar at lcast l6 hor¡n
Page 245: that re:tnctrng slecp to 5 hou¡s p
Page 249 and 250: L¡m- e¡¡,J orlad) ( lggl). in rh
Page 251 and 252: addiúon multiplc missions and cumu
Page 253 and 254: .\ugrnented Crews Linlc resca¡ch h
Page 255 and 256: unÉ aslecP and auditor)'th¡eshold
Page 257 and 258: Derrrnr. \\' C.. C¿¡skadon. M A"
Page 259 and 260: H¡¡rison. Y. Horne.J. A. t1997).
Page 261 and 262: Lun¡.T D..French.J.&Mi¡cha.J L rl
Page 263 and 264: Eds ). Night and Shrft tt'ork' P-.\
Page 265 and 266: p,oceedtngs o-f o Septrntber l99J l
Page 268 and 269: A SCMTSTTHC Rg\ÆW OF PNOPOSSP RTCU
Page 270 and 271: "Review of proposcd ftiSht d-ury tr
Page 272 and 273: "Rernew of proposcd flight dury rcg
Page 274 and 275: ff îíä?'effi ,trslågr'f#J"iTö'
Page 276 and 277: '*îïä?'Jüffi ,['å3å'üitr#.i"
Page 278 and 279: "Review of proposcd flighr dury reg
Page 280 and 281: 'l,cview of propæcd ftight d-ury r
Page 282 and 283: "Rcview of proposcd flight duty rcg
Page 285 and 286: Remarks by Dr. William Dement to th
Page 287 and 288: Well, there's an ideal time to slee
Page 289 and 290: I wanted to say three or four thing
Page 291 and 292: So those are the three main things.
Page 293 and 294: -fact thnt t hours nny be adequate
Page 295 and 296: you tolerate before you have a micr
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do some studies and vou can demonst
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First of all, why does he have to r
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cognitive psychomotor perforrnance
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SUMMARY The present study systemati
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t, While this initial study clearly
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The simple sensory comparison task
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eathalyser (Lion Alcolrneter S-D2,
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RESULTS Alcohol Intoxication Condit
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DISCUSSION In the present study mod
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alcohol intoxication and sustained
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Participants may explain, at least
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sustained wakefulness and actual dr
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Fiorica, V., Higgins. E.4.. Iampiet
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TABLE f . Summary of ANOVA results
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.l) H^ .o -5 q, R -to It E .I.5 ax
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o0 c .ð -5 o P -10 ..A ã e o1 -t5
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Êro .l Ë € rn o- À IÞ -( -ro
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'. rev, ¡atlguc Iaclot> úr dv¡ô
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Cre t lattgue laflors m allatlon ac
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INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMST
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PROPOSED REGULATORY LANGUAGE 121.xx
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ARAC RESERVE DUTY WORKING GROUP IND
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ARAC Reserve Duty' Worbng Group Ind
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AR,{'C Rescn'e Dutv Work¡ng Group
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AR.AC Resen e Dut¡' Workrng Group
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proposal includes a provision that
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Rest Period: ARAC Reserve Duty and
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Attachment 2 Alternative Reserve Du
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ARAC Flight Crew Reserve Time Worki
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NATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIA
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January 15, 1999 Pnrlrous REsr Foll
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t4910-131 DEPARÍÌ{ENT OF TRAI{SPO
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Admlnístrator finds necesSary for
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similar language is contained in Se
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Rest Period: ATA Proposed Reserve R
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i I t-. :.-::l '!i¡9 ';:r Mr. Dona
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ALPA's HANGAR Page 1 of2 Volume 6,
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Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR 1
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Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR l
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Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR 1
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