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NASA Technical Memorandum 1'lO4O4 Principles and Guidelines for Duty and Rest Schedul¡ng in Commercial Aviation David F. Dinges, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Penrsylvania R. Curtis Graeber, Boeing CommercialAlrplane Group, Seattle, Washington Mark R. Rosekind, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Califomia Alexander Samel, and Hans M. Wegmann, DLR-lnstih¡te of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany May 1996 National Aeronautics and Space Administ¡ation Ames Research Center Motfen Field, California 94035- 1 @0
Table of Contents l.O Crcnerat Principlcs 2 l.l Slecp, Awakè Tinæ Off, and Recovery a¡c Primary Considerations........... .................. 2 l.l.l Slccp l.l2 Awaicc dme off .... 1.1.3 Recovcry........... 123 133 1.1 4 l5 bilities Exand o Fl 4 1.6 of Individuals.......... 4 1.7 hecludc an Absolute Solution........ 4 20 Spcciñc Prirriples" Guidelincs, and Rccom¡ændations 2.l'Off-Duty Pcriod Zl.l De6trition:'offdut¡f ......... Zl2 Ofiduty pcrid (aanæ slecP and awale-time-offrequireocnts) 5 ' 2-1.3 Otrduty pcrioe (recovcry requireænt)............. 21.4 Otrduty period (following standsrd flight duty pcriods during wiodow of circadian tow).--. 5 5 L2Dlny Pcrioás' 22.1 Dcfir¡ition: "duqf z22Drcñrition: "dury p€riod" ................-. 5 6 223 Duty pcrid ii*trÍ:lm:ti'r*i;,':::: ::::: ::::::: ::: ::: ::,: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-- : 23.3 Sta¡dård füght duty pcriod 6 L3.4F:vndcd flight duty pcriod 6 235 Exænded flighr dury perioð rcstrictions and compensatory off{ury Perids 6 2.3 Flight fiu-ty pe¡o¿s ...;.............. 6 23.6 Exændcd flighr duty pcriod: additional flight crew 7 23.7 Flitt'tt duty pcrioa (cr¡mulative)............. 7 2.a Exccptions DuCo Unfo¡escco Opcrational G¡cumsu¡rccs 7 24.1 Reduc.cd offdury pcriod (exccption)................ ..............-.... t L42F;xte¡dcd flighr dury period (exception)................ I 25 Træ DifTcrenccs 2.6 Rescrve Starus 26.l Dcfinition: "ai4løt standby rcscrye" I t 262 Definition:'oo
Page 1 and 2: Airline Air Wisconsin Alaska Allegh
Page 3 and 4: AVIATION RULEMAKING ADVISORY COI\Í
Page 5 and 6: -..-.-__-^ Another reference is A S
Page 7 and 8: 121 .xxx Reserve Rest (a) (b) (c) P
Page 9 and 10: 12l.xxx Reseme Rest Part II: Pilots
Page 11 and 12: (2) Rescheduling the beginning of a
Page 13 and 14: (c) A certiftcate holder may assign
Page 15 and 16: (d) When there are no other resene
Page 17 and 18: A Example: Example: For augmented I
Page 19 and 20: . . . It is important to realize th
Page 21 and 22: (3) Rescheduling the Protected rime
Page 23 and 24: with time since awake for all times
Page 25 and 26: alerting is gone, when you're alone
Page 27 and 28: circadian lo*'¡here is a very shar
Page 29 and 30: (d) When there are no other reseme
Page 31 and 32: a A a A a A We're shooting around t
Page 33: V X I q N g d d V
Page 37 and 38: INTRODUCTION PrinciPles and Guideli
Page 39 and 40: has obtaincd required sle+ will be
Page 41 and 42: speciñc principles and guidetines
Page 43 and 44: perfomrance-impairing fatigue. Ther
Page 45 and 46: 2.7 summary overview: Guidelines an
Page 47 and 48: REPORT DOCU]VI ËNì AI'ION PAUts,
Page 49 and 50: Uterature Reyiex' An Overvlew of th
Page 51 and 52: \l'hat Is Fatigue The oblectir.e of
Page 53 and 54: cf inaction t1'pical of fatigue (Nc
Page 55 and 56: The orderty planning and sequencing
Page 57 and 58: mrcrosleeps can also lead to enor o
Page 59 and 60: \ hen in fact they *'ere in thc pro
Page 61 and 62: shift *orkers (Colligan & Tepas. 19
Page 63 and 64: Environmental Factors The ph¡sical
Page 65 and 66: exrended or reduced ,{,lthough resu
Page 67 and 68: concluded (hat at least ló hou¡so
Page 69 and 70: thar re:tncrrng sleep to 5 hor.¡¡
Page 71 and 72: e\rernal en\rronrrcnt around the24
Page 73 and 74: L¡,m- and orlad¡ ( 198 I ). in th
Page 75 and 76: addit¡on murriplc missions and cum
Page 77 and 78: Augmented Cren's Linle rescarch has
Page 79 and 80: urnc asle€p and auditory th¡esho
Page 81 and 82: Denrcnt. \\'. c.. c¿¡skadon. M. 4
Page 83 and 84: Hamson. Y.. Horne.J. A' (1997)' Sle
Page 85 and 86:
Lun¡.T D..French J.&Mircha.J.L (19
Page 87 and 88:
(Eds.). Ìtiight and Shift \\'ork.
Page 89 and 90:
p,oceedings o_f a sepr,-ntber r99J
Page 91 and 92:
O X-éZlrj¡ú'uÞ
Page 93 and 94:
"Review of propccd flþht d-ury E4l
Page 95 and 96:
'i!îiîri'Jüffi ,['å3åo,ilfi ff
Page 97 and 98:
"Review of proposcd flight d-uty rc
Page 99 and 100:
"Review of proposcd flight dury rcg
Page 101 and 102:
"Rerriew of pmposcd flight duty æg
Page 103 and 104:
"Rcview of proposcd flight d-ury re
Page 105 and 106:
"Review of proposcd flight d-ury rc
Page 107 and 108:
"Revicw of propæcd flight dury rcg
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Remarks by Dr. William Dement to th
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The second thing is that all sleep
Page 113 and 114:
Well, there's an ideal time to slee
Page 115 and 116:
I'm typicallv so sleep depriaed tha
Page 117 and 118:
Coing beyond that, what is probably
Page 119 and 120:
could certainly get the probability
Page 121 and 122:
that WOCL, if you will. Whether it'
Page 123 and 124:
It seems lilce common sense. Fairly
Page 125 and 126:
All sorts of things happen, but the
Page 127 and 128:
Fatigue, Alcohol and Perforrnance I
Page 129:
taj X-VZFJ¡ÉFúÞ
Page 132 and 133:
TNTRODUCTION The rcgative ::-pa:i o
Page 134 and 135:
}IETHOD Subjccts Tweuty-two partici
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Druing test sessions, subjects were
Page 138 and 139:
(t:00em¡:esing sesslcn of each con
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P€rformance pruErneter \Àas asso
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irnpaircd by apprcx:raarely 6 87ó
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-+-.r more complex neurobcbsvior¡r
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A rurth:r expla:ration for thc dtff
Page 148 and 149:
REFERE]{CES Angus, R.G. and Heslegn
Page 150 and 151:
Mullaney, D.J., Kripkc, D.F., Flec&
Page 152 and 153:
TABLE I Summary of li¡ea¡ rgessio
Page 154 and 155:
e ;U tr E.2 I 6 o 8.6 ¡u l z-¿ -1
Page 156 and 157:
t) 2 a E e ê. 1) G C () 'l I 1 -¡
Page 158 and 159:
I I äãË 's.8 ¡ Zã¿ .- , ¡r
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Crev. tattgue tactors m a\nauon ac
Page 162:
Cre'., fattgue tactors tn auarlon a
Page 165 and 166:
AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS ISSUES GROUP
Page 167 and 168:
L AIR LINE PILOTS 535 HEFìNDON PAF
Page 169 and 170:
Economic Impact Industr.v/managemen
Page 171 and 172:
Daæ: Februarl' l, 1999 To: Air Ca
Page 173 and 174:
ARAC WORKING GROUP PILOT MEMBERS SU
Page 175 and 176:
Airline Air Wisconsin Alaska Allegh
Page 177 and 178:
AVIATION RULEMAKING ADVISORY CONÍM
Page 179 and 180:
Another reference is A Sci¿n¡ific
Page 181 and 182:
l2l.xxx Reserve Rest PART I: PROPOS
Page 183 and 184:
Part II: Pilots' Proposal with Inte
Page 185 and 186:
(2) Rescheduling the beginning of a
Page 187 and 188:
(c) A certiftcate holder may assign
Page 189 and 190:
(d) When therc ore no olher resene
Page 191 and 192:
A Example: Example: For augmented I
Page 193 and 194:
. . . It is importanr to realize th
Page 195 and 196:
t (3) Rescheduling the Protected Ti
Page 197 and 198:
with tirne since awake for all time
Page 199 and 200:
alerting is gone. when you're alone
Page 201 and 202:
circadian low there is a very sharp
Page 203 and 204:
t (d) When lhere are no other reser
Page 205 and 206:
Q: We're shooting a¡ound the subje
Page 208 and 209:
a o a
Page 210 and 211:
Teblc of Contents 1.0 -'i.iéi;;,t;
Page 212 and 213:
- Ch¡.lleugç to Human Pbysiologr
Page 214 and 215:
¡s ob¡ai¡rcd required sle+ *ill
Page 216 and 217:
spcciñc prirriptes and guidclincs
Page 218 and 219:
pcrformancc-impairing fatig.ß Tlpr
Page 220 and 221:
2.? Summary Overview: Guidelines ¡
Page 222:
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Fotn 49a6
Page 225 and 226:
I)teralure R¿r ¡e x An Ovcrvtew o
Page 227 and 228:
\t'h¡t ls Fatigue The ob¡ccti'e o
Page 229 and 230:
Sccrcury Ron Brown funher illustrar
Page 231 and 232:
The orderly planning and sequencing
Page 233 and 234:
mlcrosleeps can also lead to enor o
Page 235 and 236:
\Ahcn in fact thcy r¡'erc in t5c p
Page 237 and 238:
shift uorken (Colligan & Tepas. l9t
Page 239 and 240:
Environmentel Factots The phrsic¡l
Page 241 and 242:
ex¡cnded or reduced. Although resu
Page 243 and 244:
conclu,Jed rhar at lcast l6 hor¡n
Page 245 and 246:
that re:tnctrng slecp to 5 hou¡s p
Page 247 and 248:
errernsl en\rronrEnt afound rhe 24
Page 249 and 250:
L¡m- e¡¡,J orlad) ( lggl). in rh
Page 251 and 252:
addiúon multiplc missions and cumu
Page 253 and 254:
.\ugrnented Crews Linlc resca¡ch h
Page 255 and 256:
unÉ aslecP and auditor)'th¡eshold
Page 257 and 258:
Derrrnr. \\' C.. C¿¡skadon. M A"
Page 259 and 260:
H¡¡rison. Y. Horne.J. A. t1997).
Page 261 and 262:
Lun¡.T D..French.J.&Mi¡cha.J L rl
Page 263 and 264:
Eds ). Night and Shrft tt'ork' P-.\
Page 265 and 266:
p,oceedtngs o-f o Septrntber l99J l
Page 268 and 269:
A SCMTSTTHC Rg\ÆW OF PNOPOSSP RTCU
Page 270 and 271:
"Review of proposcd ftiSht d-ury tr
Page 272 and 273:
"Rernew of proposcd flight dury rcg
Page 274 and 275:
ff îíä?'effi ,trslågr'f#J"iTö'
Page 276 and 277:
'*îïä?'Jüffi ,['å3å'üitr#.i"
Page 278 and 279:
"Review of proposcd flighr dury reg
Page 280 and 281:
'l,cview of propæcd ftight d-ury r
Page 282 and 283:
"Rcview of proposcd flight duty rcg
Page 285 and 286:
Remarks by Dr. William Dement to th
Page 287 and 288:
Well, there's an ideal time to slee
Page 289 and 290:
I wanted to say three or four thing
Page 291 and 292:
So those are the three main things.
Page 293 and 294:
-fact thnt t hours nny be adequate
Page 295 and 296:
you tolerate before you have a micr
Page 297 and 298:
do some studies and vou can demonst
Page 299:
First of all, why does he have to r
Page 302:
cognitive psychomotor perforrnance
Page 305 and 306:
SUMMARY The present study systemati
Page 307 and 308:
t, While this initial study clearly
Page 309 and 310:
The simple sensory comparison task
Page 311 and 312:
eathalyser (Lion Alcolrneter S-D2,
Page 313 and 314:
RESULTS Alcohol Intoxication Condit
Page 315 and 316:
DISCUSSION In the present study mod
Page 317 and 318:
alcohol intoxication and sustained
Page 319 and 320:
Participants may explain, at least
Page 321 and 322:
sustained wakefulness and actual dr
Page 323 and 324:
Fiorica, V., Higgins. E.4.. Iampiet
Page 325 and 326:
TABLE f . Summary of ANOVA results
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.l) H^ .o -5 q, R -to It E .I.5 ax
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o0 c .ð -5 o P -10 ..A ã e o1 -t5
Page 331 and 332:
Êro .l Ë € rn o- À IÞ -( -ro
Page 334 and 335:
'. rev, ¡atlguc Iaclot> úr dv¡ô
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Cre t lattgue laflors m allatlon ac
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INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMST
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PROPOSED REGULATORY LANGUAGE 121.xx
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ARAC RESERVE DUTY WORKING GROUP IND
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ARAC Reserve Duty' Worbng Group Ind
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AR,{'C Rescn'e Dutv Work¡ng Group
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AR.AC Resen e Dut¡' Workrng Group
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proposal includes a provision that
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Rest Period: ARAC Reserve Duty and
Page 354 and 355:
Attachment 2 Alternative Reserve Du
Page 356 and 357:
ARAC Flight Crew Reserve Time Worki
Page 358 and 359:
NATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIA
Page 360 and 361:
January 15, 1999 Pnrlrous REsr Foll
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t4910-131 DEPARÍÌ{ENT OF TRAI{SPO
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Admlnístrator finds necesSary for
Page 366:
similar language is contained in Se
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Rest Period: ATA Proposed Reserve R
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i I t-. :.-::l '!i¡9 ';:r Mr. Dona
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ALPA's HANGAR Page 1 of2 Volume 6,
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Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR 1
Page 377 and 378:
Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR l
Page 379 and 380:
Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR 1
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