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found that motivation can. to a degree. counteract the effects of sleep loss (Horne and pettitt, 1985). Taken together, the results from this study support the suggestion that even moderate levels of sustained wakefulness produce performance decrements greater than is cumently acceptable for alcohol intoxication. Furthermore, our findings suggest that while sleep deprivation has a generally detrimental effect on neurobehavioural performance, specific components of performance differ in their sensitivity to sustained wakefulness. Since approximately 50 percent of shiftworkers typically spend at 1east twenty-four hours awake on the first night shift in a roster (Tepas et aI.,l98l). these findings have important implications within the shiftwork industry. Indeed, the results of this study. if generalized to an applied setting. suggest that on the hrst night shift. on a number of rasks, a shiftworker would shou. a neurobehavioural performance decrement similar to or greater than is acceptable for alcohol intoxication. 'Wirile the cunent study supports the idea that sustained w'aliefulness may carry a risk comparable with moderate alc.ohol intoxication. it is difficult to know to what degree these results can be generalized to "real-life" settings. Indeed, laboratorl' measures and environments usually bear little resemblance to actual tasks and settings. Furthermore, while our stud¡- used a battery of tests to evaluate the effects of sustained wakefulness on performance, their is no guarantee that all the functions involved in "real-life tasks", such as driving, were utilized and assessed. An alternative approach would be to simulate the actual task. as accurately as possible. Given that, for practical and ethical reasons, it is difFrcult to experimentally study the relationship between t7
sustained wakefulness and actual driving" simulators of varying realism have been used. Thus, protocols using simulators could be used to model "real-life" settings and establish a more accurate estimate of the BAC equivalence for the performance decrement associated with sleep loss and fatigue.
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Airline Air Wisconsin Alaska Allegh
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AVIATION RULEMAKING ADVISORY COI\Í
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-..-.-__-^ Another reference is A S
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121 .xxx Reserve Rest (a) (b) (c) P
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12l.xxx Reseme Rest Part II: Pilots
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(2) Rescheduling the beginning of a
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(c) A certiftcate holder may assign
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(d) When there are no other resene
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A Example: Example: For augmented I
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. . . It is important to realize th
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(3) Rescheduling the Protected rime
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with time since awake for all times
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alerting is gone, when you're alone
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circadian lo*'¡here is a very shar
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(d) When there are no other reseme
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a A a A a A We're shooting around t
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V X I q N g d d V
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Table of Contents l.O Crcnerat Prin
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INTRODUCTION PrinciPles and Guideli
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has obtaincd required sle+ will be
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speciñc principles and guidetines
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perfomrance-impairing fatigue. Ther
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2.7 summary overview: Guidelines an
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REPORT DOCU]VI ËNì AI'ION PAUts,
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Uterature Reyiex' An Overvlew of th
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\l'hat Is Fatigue The oblectir.e of
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cf inaction t1'pical of fatigue (Nc
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The orderty planning and sequencing
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mrcrosleeps can also lead to enor o
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\ hen in fact they *'ere in thc pro
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shift *orkers (Colligan & Tepas. 19
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Environmental Factors The ph¡sical
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exrended or reduced ,{,lthough resu
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concluded (hat at least ló hou¡so
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thar re:tncrrng sleep to 5 hor.¡¡
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e\rernal en\rronrrcnt around the24
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L¡,m- and orlad¡ ( 198 I ). in th
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addit¡on murriplc missions and cum
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Augmented Cren's Linle rescarch has
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urnc asle€p and auditory th¡esho
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Denrcnt. \\'. c.. c¿¡skadon. M. 4
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Hamson. Y.. Horne.J. A' (1997)' Sle
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Lun¡.T D..French J.&Mircha.J.L (19
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(Eds.). Ìtiight and Shift \\'ork.
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p,oceedings o_f a sepr,-ntber r99J
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O X-éZlrj¡ú'uÞ
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"Review of propccd flþht d-ury E4l
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'i!îiîri'Jüffi ,['å3åo,ilfi ff
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"Review of proposcd flight d-uty rc
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"Review of proposcd flight dury rcg
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"Rerriew of pmposcd flight duty æg
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"Rcview of proposcd flight d-ury re
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"Review of proposcd flight d-ury rc
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"Revicw of propæcd flight dury rcg
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Remarks by Dr. William Dement to th
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The second thing is that all sleep
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Well, there's an ideal time to slee
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I'm typicallv so sleep depriaed tha
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Coing beyond that, what is probably
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could certainly get the probability
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that WOCL, if you will. Whether it'
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It seems lilce common sense. Fairly
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All sorts of things happen, but the
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Fatigue, Alcohol and Perforrnance I
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taj X-VZFJ¡ÉFúÞ
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TNTRODUCTION The rcgative ::-pa:i o
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}IETHOD Subjccts Tweuty-two partici
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Druing test sessions, subjects were
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(t:00em¡:esing sesslcn of each con
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P€rformance pruErneter \Àas asso
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irnpaircd by apprcx:raarely 6 87ó
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-+-.r more complex neurobcbsvior¡r
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A rurth:r expla:ration for thc dtff
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REFERE]{CES Angus, R.G. and Heslegn
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Mullaney, D.J., Kripkc, D.F., Flec&
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TABLE I Summary of li¡ea¡ rgessio
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e ;U tr E.2 I 6 o 8.6 ¡u l z-¿ -1
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t) 2 a E e ê. 1) G C () 'l I 1 -¡
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I I äãË 's.8 ¡ Zã¿ .- , ¡r
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Crev. tattgue tactors m a\nauon ac
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Cre'., fattgue tactors tn auarlon a
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AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS ISSUES GROUP
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L AIR LINE PILOTS 535 HEFìNDON PAF
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Economic Impact Industr.v/managemen
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Daæ: Februarl' l, 1999 To: Air Ca
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ARAC WORKING GROUP PILOT MEMBERS SU
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Airline Air Wisconsin Alaska Allegh
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AVIATION RULEMAKING ADVISORY CONÍM
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Another reference is A Sci¿n¡ific
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l2l.xxx Reserve Rest PART I: PROPOS
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Part II: Pilots' Proposal with Inte
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(2) Rescheduling the beginning of a
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(c) A certiftcate holder may assign
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(d) When therc ore no olher resene
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A Example: Example: For augmented I
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. . . It is importanr to realize th
Page 195 and 196:
t (3) Rescheduling the Protected Ti
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with tirne since awake for all time
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alerting is gone. when you're alone
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circadian low there is a very sharp
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t (d) When lhere are no other reser
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Q: We're shooting a¡ound the subje
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a o a
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Teblc of Contents 1.0 -'i.iéi;;,t;
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- Ch¡.lleugç to Human Pbysiologr
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¡s ob¡ai¡rcd required sle+ *ill
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spcciñc prirriptes and guidclincs
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pcrformancc-impairing fatig.ß Tlpr
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2.? Summary Overview: Guidelines ¡
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Fotn 49a6
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I)teralure R¿r ¡e x An Ovcrvtew o
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\t'h¡t ls Fatigue The ob¡ccti'e o
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Sccrcury Ron Brown funher illustrar
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The orderly planning and sequencing
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mlcrosleeps can also lead to enor o
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\Ahcn in fact thcy r¡'erc in t5c p
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shift uorken (Colligan & Tepas. l9t
Page 239 and 240:
Environmentel Factots The phrsic¡l
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ex¡cnded or reduced. Although resu
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conclu,Jed rhar at lcast l6 hor¡n
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that re:tnctrng slecp to 5 hou¡s p
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errernsl en\rronrEnt afound rhe 24
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L¡m- e¡¡,J orlad) ( lggl). in rh
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addiúon multiplc missions and cumu
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.\ugrnented Crews Linlc resca¡ch h
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unÉ aslecP and auditor)'th¡eshold
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Derrrnr. \\' C.. C¿¡skadon. M A"
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H¡¡rison. Y. Horne.J. A. t1997).
Page 261 and 262:
Lun¡.T D..French.J.&Mi¡cha.J L rl
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Eds ). Night and Shrft tt'ork' P-.\
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p,oceedtngs o-f o Septrntber l99J l
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A SCMTSTTHC Rg\ÆW OF PNOPOSSP RTCU
Page 270 and 271: "Review of proposcd ftiSht d-ury tr
Page 272 and 273: "Rernew of proposcd flight dury rcg
Page 274 and 275: ff îíä?'effi ,trslågr'f#J"iTö'
Page 276 and 277: '*îïä?'Jüffi ,['å3å'üitr#.i"
Page 278 and 279: "Review of proposcd flighr dury reg
Page 280 and 281: 'l,cview of propæcd ftight d-ury r
Page 282 and 283: "Rcview of proposcd flight duty rcg
Page 285 and 286: Remarks by Dr. William Dement to th
Page 287 and 288: Well, there's an ideal time to slee
Page 289 and 290: I wanted to say three or four thing
Page 291 and 292: So those are the three main things.
Page 293 and 294: -fact thnt t hours nny be adequate
Page 295 and 296: you tolerate before you have a micr
Page 297 and 298: do some studies and vou can demonst
Page 299: First of all, why does he have to r
Page 302: cognitive psychomotor perforrnance
Page 305 and 306: SUMMARY The present study systemati
Page 307 and 308: t, While this initial study clearly
Page 309 and 310: The simple sensory comparison task
Page 311 and 312: eathalyser (Lion Alcolrneter S-D2,
Page 313 and 314: RESULTS Alcohol Intoxication Condit
Page 315 and 316: DISCUSSION In the present study mod
Page 317 and 318: alcohol intoxication and sustained
Page 319: Participants may explain, at least
Page 323 and 324: Fiorica, V., Higgins. E.4.. Iampiet
Page 325 and 326: TABLE f . Summary of ANOVA results
Page 327 and 328: .l) H^ .o -5 q, R -to It E .I.5 ax
Page 329 and 330: o0 c .ð -5 o P -10 ..A ã e o1 -t5
Page 331 and 332: Êro .l Ë € rn o- À IÞ -( -ro
Page 334 and 335: '. rev, ¡atlguc Iaclot> úr dv¡ô
Page 336 and 337: Cre t lattgue laflors m allatlon ac
Page 338 and 339: INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMST
Page 340 and 341: PROPOSED REGULATORY LANGUAGE 121.xx
Page 342 and 343: ARAC RESERVE DUTY WORKING GROUP IND
Page 344 and 345: ARAC Reserve Duty' Worbng Group Ind
Page 346 and 347: AR,{'C Rescn'e Dutv Work¡ng Group
Page 348 and 349: AR.AC Resen e Dut¡' Workrng Group
Page 350 and 351: proposal includes a provision that
Page 352 and 353: Rest Period: ARAC Reserve Duty and
Page 354 and 355: Attachment 2 Alternative Reserve Du
Page 356 and 357: ARAC Flight Crew Reserve Time Worki
Page 358 and 359: NATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIA
Page 360 and 361: January 15, 1999 Pnrlrous REsr Foll
Page 362 and 363: t4910-131 DEPARÍÌ{ENT OF TRAI{SPO
Page 364 and 365: Admlnístrator finds necesSary for
Page 366: similar language is contained in Se
Page 369 and 370: Rest Period: ATA Proposed Reserve R
Page 371 and 372:
i I t-. :.-::l '!i¡9 ';:r Mr. Dona
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ALPA's HANGAR Page 1 of2 Volume 6,
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Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR 1
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Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR l
Page 379 and 380:
Letter: FAA Interpretation of FAR 1
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