LIBRARY ı6ıul 0) - Cranfield University

FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Gas Metal Arc Welding Process 52
Figure 2.2 Guide for the choice of Ar+O; +CO2 mixtures 52
Figure 2.3 Free-flight metal transfer 53
Figure 2.4 Mechanism of dip transfer 53
Figure 2.5 Voltage distribution along an arc shown in diagrammatic form 54
Figure 2.6 Shielding gas effect on the drop frequency 54
Figure 2.7 Diagram illustrating the distribution of pressure in the weld pool 55
Figure 2.8 Chart for stability assessment through Ogunbiyi's monitoring indices 55
Figure 2.9 Adaptive quality control concept proposed by Ogunbiyi 56
Figure 2.10 Schematic design of a typical inverter-controlled welding power source 56
Figure 2.11 Volt-ampere output relationship for a constant-voltage power source 57
Figure 2.12 The welding arc self-adjustment 57
Figure 2.13 Typical volt-ampere characteristic for a constant-current power source 58
Figure 2.14 Reference frames for relative workpiece positioning 58
Figure 2.15 Effect of radius of wire bend on wire outlet deviations 59
Figure 2.16 Weld joint mislocation 59
Figure 2.17 Schematic view of contact tip outlet wear
Figure 2.18 Principle of electrode wire contact sensor (a) Principle (b) Fillet Joint (c) Lap joint 60
Figure 2.19 Principle of probe contact sensor (a) One degree-of-freedom (b) Two degrees-of- 61
freedom
Figure 2.20 Flow chart for the calculation of contact tip-to-workpiece distance 61
Figure 2.21 Influence of the dominant forces acting on the front edge of the weld pool on 62
keyhole
Figure 3.1 System Overview 86
Figure 3.2 Off-line Programming Module 86
Figure 3.3 Inauxa specifications for fillet welds 86
Figure 3.4 AWS Specification for Automotive Frame Weld Quality - Fillet Weld 87
Figure 3.5
Co-ordinate frames used for off-line programming
Figure 3.6 Joint geometrical definitions 88
Figure 3.7 Method for determining if surface intersection is a valid joint 88
Figure 3.8
Limiting angles for defining positions of fillet welds
Figure 3.9 Typical welding positions for fillet joints 89
Figure 3.10 Planes whose intersection results in a line which defines the default joint approach 90
direction
Figure 3.11 Definition of orientation by two angles
i
60
87
89
90