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6.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 173 6.4.1 Conclusion for fluid dynamic part ...................................................... 173 6.4.2 Conclusion for thermodynamic part ................................................... 173 6.5 Future work ............................................................................................... 175 Appendices 177 Appendix I. Regression of the pressure at air delivery unit blower outlet .......... 179 Appendix II. Regression of the pressure drop on the connecting duct ................ 183 Appendix III. Regression of the air temperature increase after flowing through the blower ..................................................................................................... 184 Appendix IV. The corrugated HADT outer surface area ..................................... 187 Appendix V. Regression of dew point................................................................ 190 Appendix VI. Relationship regressions between relative humidity, specific humidity and absolute humidity ............................................................................ 192 VI.1 Conversion of relative humidity into specific humidity ......................... 192 VI.2 Conversion of specific humidity into relative humidity ......................... 193 VI.3 Conversion of specific humidity into absolute humidity ........................ 194 Appendix VII. Details of the CPAP fluid dynamic section after ADU outlet ....... 195 VII.1 The connecting duct airflow velocity subsystem .................................. 195 VII.2 The chamber pressure subsystem ........................................................ 195 VII.3 The HADT airflow velocity subsystem ................................................. 196 VII.4 The mask pressure subsystem .............................................................. 197 Appendix VIII. Details of whole chamber steady state subsystem ....................... 198 VIII.1 The CPAP chamber inlet temperature subsystem ............................... 198 VIII.2 The CPAP chamber-water thermal balance subsystem ...................... 198 VIII.3 The CPAP chamber-air thermal balance subsystem (steady state) ..... 211 VIII.4 In-chamber air specific humidity calculation subsystem .................... 216 Appendix IX. Details of steady state HADT lump full thermal balance subsystem .... ..................................................................................................... 219 IX.1 The HADT lump wall temperature subsystem ....................................... 219 IX.2 The steady state lump air temperature subsystem ................................. 221 IX.3 Flow dew point and HADT lump wall temperature gap subsystem ....... 222 Appendix X. Details of HADT lump air dynamic fluctuating thermal balance and condensation subsystem ........................................................................................ 223 X.1 Dynamic fluctuating lump air thermal balance subsystem ..................... 223 X.2 Dynamic fluctuating HADT lump condensation/evaporation Subsystem 225 Appendix XI. Details of steady state mask full thermal balance subsystem ......... 228 XI.1 Average inlet temperature subsystem ................................................... 228 XI.2 Steady state mask mixing and in-mask velocity subsystem .................... 228 x
XI.3 Steady state mask thermal balance subsystem ...................................... 229 Appendix XII. Details of mask air dynamic fluctuating thermal balance and condensation subsystem ........................................................................................ 235 XII.1 Dynamic mixing and in-mask characteristic velocity subsystem .......... 235 XII.2 Dynamic fluctuating mask air thermal balance subsystem................... 236 XII.3 Dynamic fluctuating mask condensation/evaporation subsystem ......... 238 XII.4 Average specific humidity in inhaled air ............................................. 239 Appendix XIII. Details of the auxiliary subsystems ............................................ 241 XIII.1 Ambient relative humidity to specific humidity conversion subsystem 242 XIII.2 Mask geometric parameter subsystem................................................ 242 XIII.3 Breath load average subsystem.......................................................... 243 XIII.4 Average of ambient temperature and chamber air temperature subsystem ...................................................................................................... 243 XIII.5 Average evaporation rate subsystem .................................................. 244 XIII.6 Chamber air average temperature subsystem .................................... 244 XIII.7 Chamber air average specific humidity subsystem ............................. 245 Appendix XIV. Steady state thermal-validation experiment result and model output comparison ................................................................................................ 246 XIV.1 In-chamber water temperature........................................................... 246 XIV.2 Chamber outlet air temperature ........................................................ 248 XIV.3 Airflow temperature at the end of the HADT (when tube heating=0W) .... .................................................................................................................. 249 XIV.4 Airflow temperature at the end of the HADT (when tube heating=15W)... .................................................................................................................. 251 XIV.5 Airflow temperature at the end of the HADT (when tube heating=30W)... .................................................................................................................. 252 XIV.6 Evaporation rate................................................................................ 253 Appendix XV. Regression of temperature related water properties for Grashof number ................................................................................................... 256 Appendix XVI. Regression of kinetic viscosity of air.......................................... 257 Appendix XVII. In-tube condensation with normal breath and deep breath induced fluctuation under conditions of 9cmH2O without reverse flow ............................... 258 Appendix XVIII. In-tube condensation with normal breath and deep breath induced fluctuation under conditions of 4cmH2O with reverse flow ...................... 260 Appendix XIX. Coefficient and parameter values for natural convection Nusselt number ................................................................................................. 265 Appendix XX. Modelling parameters and constants ............................................ 266 Appendix XXI. Fluid dynamic and thermal dynamic experiments setup for future validation .................................................................................................. 269 xi
Page 1 and 2: The Effects of CPAP Tube Reverse Fl
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement First of all, I wou
Page 5 and 6: When deep breathing induced reverse
Page 7 and 8: 2.4.1 Reverse flow calculation ....
Page 9: 5.3.1 Thermal dynamic model under s
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1.1 Obstruct
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.10 Comparison between expe
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6.13 Fluctuation of airflow
Page 19 and 20: Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
Page 21 and 22: Nomenclature Symbol Meaning of the
Page 23 and 24: CMFeO CMFet C O C t Concentration o
Page 25 and 26: m C 23 m Ca m cv m Cw m store m i m
Page 27 and 28: Nu Cp Nu dir Nu Ti Nu To Nuwsn Nuws
Page 29 and 30: QMor QMwst QTastn QTicn QTin Q
Page 31 and 32: R Mic R Moc R Ticn R Toc R Torn Mas
Page 33 and 34: V Capacity of the container m 3 V C
Page 35 and 36: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 37 and 38: The MRD is worn in user’s mouth w
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.4 CPAP machine Figure 1.5
Page 41 and 42: 1.3 Literature survey A literature
Page 43 and 44: CPAP fluid dynamic performance with
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Mathematical Modelling of
Page 47 and 48: 2.3 Fluid dynamic analysis This sec
Page 49 and 50: If there are minor pressure drops,
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.6 Pressure sensor - Honeyw
Page 53 and 54: The pressure readings were taken af
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.12 Experimental set up for
Page 57 and 58: 2.3.4 Chamber air space mass balanc
Page 59 and 60: From the above analysis, the pressu
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Figure 2.18 Full face mask and the
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Inserting Eq. (2.26) and Eq. (2.27)
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Where n( ) t is the airflow proper
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However in reality, mixing turns ou
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Chapter 3 Mathematical Modelling of
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An Environment Control Chamber (Vö
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Figure 3.4 Thermal enthalpy gain of
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Figure 3.6 Heating element beneath
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Figure 3.8 Chamber water heat balan
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Table 3.1 Thermal resistance from h
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3.3.1.2 Heat balance at the outer s
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3.3.2 Heat flow from chamber water
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through ADU which is a function of
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It is assumed that the direct impac
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Sc a a (3.47) Dwa Analogous to th
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and keep them in gaseous status. On
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through the walls and natural conve
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Where d Ca is the specific humidity
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TTa ( n1) is also considered as inl
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R Torn 2 2 ATlor ( TTWn T )( TTWn
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condensation severity but cannot ca
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condensation has occurred at all or
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The inlet is the air from HADT duri
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3.9 Average temperature of inhaled
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Table 4.1 Inputs to the fluid dynam
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Figure 4.2 Simulink TM model for fl
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Table 4.4 Outputs from the overall
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Gain block after input 1 is to conv
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Figure 4.7 Varying Transport Delay
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4.2.5 Mask mixing calculation subsy
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4.3 Computational model of thermal
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Figure 4.11 Block diagram of CPAP t
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Figure 4.13 Simulink TM model for t
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The outputs are listed in Table 4.1
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Figure 4.16 Dynamic chamber-air the
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Figure 4.17 HADT lump thermal balan
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Figure 4.18 Steady state HADT lump
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Figure 4.19 HADT lump air dynamic f
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Figure 4.21Steady state mask full t
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4 Temperature of airflow from HADT
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Average evaporation rate subsystem
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HADT and connects those upstream se
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The experiment was also carried out
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air flowing through the elbow, a ce
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expansion from the elbow to the mas
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Figure 5.12 Environmental control r
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Table 5.1 shows the combinations of
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Figure 5.17 Comparison of model out
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The comparison of experimental resu
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5.3.1.4 Airflow temperature at the
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flow rate had been even further inc
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Figure 5.31 Comparison of condensat
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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3. The corrugated grooves on the HA
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5.3.2.1 Validation of evaporation r
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The experiment observation showed t
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Figure 6.1 Reverse flow under diffe
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It can also be seen in Figure 6.2 t
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within the same period. However, wh
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Figure 6.6 Comparison of evaporatio
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Figure 6.8 Airflow velocity in HADT
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Figure 6.11 Airflow velocity in HAD
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In Figure 6.14 the blue curve repre
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6.3.3.1.2 Comparison when heating e
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This vaporization potentiality (coi
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Figure 6.20 In-tube condensation of
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When using different sized masks, t
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Figure 6.23 Average specific humidi
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The average specific humidity in an
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Table 6.5 Comparison of average spe
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6. The deep breathing and reverse f
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Appendices Appendix I Regression of
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Appendix I. Regression of the press
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Figure I. 1 Tested results and the
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Appendix II. Regression of the pres
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Table III. 2 Airflow temperature an
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Appendix IV. The corrugated HADT ou
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The total area of the complicated c
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Figure V. 1 Regression of saturated
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This ratio can be regressed against
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Appendix VII. Details of the CPAP f
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VII.4 The mask pressure subsystem F
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Inputs to this water-centred subsys
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Heat
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input 4 is the portion of impact ar
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VIII.2.3 Water surface mass transfe
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This subsystem also contains two su
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VIII.2.5 Chamber wall 1 heat transf
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Figure VIII. 13 Wall 1 outer surfac
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Wall 2 and 3 inner surface temperat
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Figure VIII. 17 Chamber wall 2 and
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Inputs to this subsystem are listed
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Appendix IX. Details of steady stat
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Figure IX. 3 The HADT lump wall out
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Appendix X. Details of HADT lump ai
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2 Absolute value of airflow velocit
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Figure X. 5 HADT lump inlet absolut
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Figure XI. 2 Steady state mask mixi
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Figure XI. 4 Steady state mask wall
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Aver
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Appendix XII. Details of mask air d
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4 Length of the triangular plate in
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8 Length of the triangular plate in
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Appendix XIII. Details of the auxil
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XIII.3 Breath load average subsyste
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Figure XIII. 7 Average evaporation
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XIV.1.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.2.3 Under high ambient temperat
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XIV.4 Airflow temperature at the en
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XIV.5.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.6.3 Under high ambient temperat
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Appendix XVI. Regression of kinetic
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Figure XVII. 2 Condensation/evapora
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Figure XVIII. 2 Condensation/evapor
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at point C. Right after that, here
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Appendix XIX. Coefficient and param
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Average water thermal conductivity
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Appendix XXI. Fluid dynamic and the
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The lung simulator drives the air.
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Appendix XXII. Model user instructi
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The input blocks and their values a
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Dynamically fluctuating air tempera
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References [1] Good sleep advice. W
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[28] Schettino GPP, Chatmongkolchar
Page 317:
[60] Marek R, Straub J. Analysis of
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