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Figure 3.7 Humidifier thermal balance flow chart The chamber geometry design is aimed at higher heat and mass (vapour) transfer rate from the water to the airflow. The high Nusselt number and mass convection (evaporation) coefficient are caused by creating turbulent flow, letting air to have a longer contact with water and trying to avoid airflow shortcuts from chamber inlet directly to outlet. 42
Figure 3.8 Chamber water heat balance Figure 3.8 shows the chamber water heat balance. Heat flows into the water from heating element by the chamber base. Some of the heat delivers to the water dissipates to ambient through the chamber wall (the part below water) and some transfers to the air in the chamber’s upper part by heat transfer and mass transfer (evaporation). The evaporation heat loss is an effective latent heat loss from the water. The heat balance for this process can be written as: Q Q Q Q Q (3.7) Bw CwSt C1i wa ev However, since the model is to simulate the steady-state situation, the water temperature is assumed not changing with time. Also, the water temperature is considered stable regardless of the airflow fluctuation because of the comparatively fast fluctuation pace and the large thermal capacity of the water. Therefore, after neglecting QCwst , Eq. (3.7) can be expanded to: THp Tw Tw TC 1i Tw TCai kev Aws ( Csv CCaiv ) hfg (3.8) R R R Hpw C1i ws Where Csv is the absolute humidity in saturated air at water surface [42]. Equations and calculations for the parameters in Eq. (3.7) will be analysed and derived in the following sections. 43
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The Effects of CPAP Tube Reverse Fl
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Acknowledgement First of all, I wou
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When deep breathing induced reverse
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2.4.1 Reverse flow calculation ....
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5.3.1 Thermal dynamic model under s
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XI.3 Steady state mask thermal bala
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Obstruct
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Figure 5.10 Comparison between expe
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Figure 6.13 Fluctuation of airflow
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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Nomenclature Symbol Meaning of the
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CMFeO CMFet C O C t Concentration o
Page 25 and 26: m C 23 m Ca m cv m Cw m store m i m
Page 27 and 28: Nu Cp Nu dir Nu Ti Nu To Nuwsn Nuws
Page 29 and 30: QMor QMwst QTastn QTicn QTin Q
Page 31 and 32: R Mic R Moc R Ticn R Toc R Torn Mas
Page 33 and 34: V Capacity of the container m 3 V C
Page 35 and 36: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 37 and 38: The MRD is worn in user’s mouth w
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.4 CPAP machine Figure 1.5
Page 41 and 42: 1.3 Literature survey A literature
Page 43 and 44: CPAP fluid dynamic performance with
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Mathematical Modelling of
Page 47 and 48: 2.3 Fluid dynamic analysis This sec
Page 49 and 50: If there are minor pressure drops,
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.6 Pressure sensor - Honeyw
Page 53 and 54: The pressure readings were taken af
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.12 Experimental set up for
Page 57 and 58: 2.3.4 Chamber air space mass balanc
Page 59 and 60: From the above analysis, the pressu
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2.18 Full face mask and the
Page 63 and 64: Inserting Eq. (2.26) and Eq. (2.27)
Page 65 and 66: Where n( ) t is the airflow proper
Page 67 and 68: However in reality, mixing turns ou
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Mathematical Modelling of
Page 71 and 72: An Environment Control Chamber (Vö
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.4 Thermal enthalpy gain of
Page 75: Figure 3.6 Heating element beneath
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.1 Thermal resistance from h
Page 81 and 82: 3.3.1.2 Heat balance at the outer s
Page 83 and 84: 3.3.2 Heat flow from chamber water
Page 85 and 86: through ADU which is a function of
Page 87 and 88: It is assumed that the direct impac
Page 89 and 90: Sc a a (3.47) Dwa Analogous to th
Page 91 and 92: and keep them in gaseous status. On
Page 93 and 94: through the walls and natural conve
Page 95 and 96: Where d Ca is the specific humidity
Page 97 and 98: TTa ( n1) is also considered as inl
Page 99 and 100: R Torn 2 2 ATlor ( TTWn T )( TTWn
Page 101 and 102: condensation severity but cannot ca
Page 103 and 104: condensation has occurred at all or
Page 105 and 106: The inlet is the air from HADT duri
Page 107 and 108: 3.9 Average temperature of inhaled
Page 109 and 110: Table 4.1 Inputs to the fluid dynam
Page 111 and 112: Figure 4.2 Simulink TM model for fl
Page 113 and 114: Table 4.4 Outputs from the overall
Page 115 and 116: Gain block after input 1 is to conv
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.7 Varying Transport Delay
Page 119 and 120: 4.2.5 Mask mixing calculation subsy
Page 121 and 122: 4.3 Computational model of thermal
Page 123 and 124: Figure 4.11 Block diagram of CPAP t
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.13 Simulink TM model for t
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The outputs are listed in Table 4.1
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Figure 4.16 Dynamic chamber-air the
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Figure 4.17 HADT lump thermal balan
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Figure 4.18 Steady state HADT lump
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Figure 4.19 HADT lump air dynamic f
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Figure 4.21Steady state mask full t
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4 Temperature of airflow from HADT
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Average evaporation rate subsystem
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HADT and connects those upstream se
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The experiment was also carried out
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air flowing through the elbow, a ce
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expansion from the elbow to the mas
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Figure 5.12 Environmental control r
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Table 5.1 shows the combinations of
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Figure 5.17 Comparison of model out
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The comparison of experimental resu
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5.3.1.4 Airflow temperature at the
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flow rate had been even further inc
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Figure 5.31 Comparison of condensat
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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3. The corrugated grooves on the HA
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5.3.2.1 Validation of evaporation r
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The experiment observation showed t
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Figure 6.1 Reverse flow under diffe
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It can also be seen in Figure 6.2 t
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within the same period. However, wh
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Figure 6.6 Comparison of evaporatio
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Figure 6.8 Airflow velocity in HADT
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Figure 6.11 Airflow velocity in HAD
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In Figure 6.14 the blue curve repre
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6.3.3.1.2 Comparison when heating e
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This vaporization potentiality (coi
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Figure 6.20 In-tube condensation of
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When using different sized masks, t
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Figure 6.23 Average specific humidi
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The average specific humidity in an
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Table 6.5 Comparison of average spe
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6. The deep breathing and reverse f
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Appendices Appendix I Regression of
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Appendix I. Regression of the press
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Figure I. 1 Tested results and the
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Appendix II. Regression of the pres
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Table III. 2 Airflow temperature an
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Appendix IV. The corrugated HADT ou
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The total area of the complicated c
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Figure V. 1 Regression of saturated
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This ratio can be regressed against
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Appendix VII. Details of the CPAP f
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VII.4 The mask pressure subsystem F
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Inputs to this water-centred subsys
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Heat
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input 4 is the portion of impact ar
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VIII.2.3 Water surface mass transfe
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This subsystem also contains two su
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VIII.2.5 Chamber wall 1 heat transf
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Figure VIII. 13 Wall 1 outer surfac
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Wall 2 and 3 inner surface temperat
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Figure VIII. 17 Chamber wall 2 and
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Inputs to this subsystem are listed
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Appendix IX. Details of steady stat
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Figure IX. 3 The HADT lump wall out
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Appendix X. Details of HADT lump ai
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2 Absolute value of airflow velocit
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Figure X. 5 HADT lump inlet absolut
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Figure XI. 2 Steady state mask mixi
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Figure XI. 4 Steady state mask wall
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Aver
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Appendix XII. Details of mask air d
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4 Length of the triangular plate in
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8 Length of the triangular plate in
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Appendix XIII. Details of the auxil
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XIII.3 Breath load average subsyste
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Figure XIII. 7 Average evaporation
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XIV.1.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.2.3 Under high ambient temperat
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XIV.4 Airflow temperature at the en
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XIV.5.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.6.3 Under high ambient temperat
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Appendix XVI. Regression of kinetic
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Figure XVII. 2 Condensation/evapora
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Figure XVIII. 2 Condensation/evapor
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at point C. Right after that, here
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Appendix XIX. Coefficient and param
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Average water thermal conductivity
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Appendix XXI. Fluid dynamic and the
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The lung simulator drives the air.
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Appendix XXII. Model user instructi
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The input blocks and their values a
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Dynamically fluctuating air tempera
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References [1] Good sleep advice. W
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[28] Schettino GPP, Chatmongkolchar
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[60] Marek R, Straub J. Analysis of
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