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[15] Australia Innovates. CPAP sleep apnea control - machine to maintain breathing during sleep. [cited 8 June 2008]; Available from: http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Se ction_id=1030&article_id=10025 [16] The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. How Is Sleep Apnea Treated? [cited 8 June 2008]; Available from: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_Treatments.html [17] Piccirillo JF, Duntley S, Schotland H. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. JAMA. 2000 September 27, 2000;284(12):1492-4. [18] American Sleep Apnea Association. Sleep apnea information and resources. 1999 [cited 8 June 2008]; Available from: http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/apnea.html [19] Sun Y-C. CPAP system modelling [Master's degree]: Auckland University of Technology; 2005. [20] British Thoracic Society, The sleep apnoea trust association. New patient information sheet. [cited 7 June 2008]; Available from: http://www.sleep-apnoeatrust.org/media/patient_empowerment_document.pdf [21] Crystal G. What is BiPAP? [cited 9 June 2008]; Available from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-bipap.htm [22] Loube DI. Technologic Advances in the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Chest. 1999 November 1, 1999;116(5):1426-33. [23] Pevernagie D, Masa JF, Meurice JC, Farre R, Marrone O, Rodenstein D. Treatment of obstructive sleep-disordered breathing with positive airway pressure systems. EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY REVIEW. 2007 December 1, 2007;16(106):125-31. [24] Behbehani K. K. Automatic control of airway pressure for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering. 10/1995;42 (10):1007-16. [25] Rauch M. Making CPAP Work. RT for Decision Makers in Respiratory Care 2003 [cited 1 November 2007]; Available from: http://www.rtmagazine.com/issues/articles/2003-06_04.asp [26] Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health. Illinois Department of Public Health Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality [cited 1 September 2008]; Available from: http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/indoorairqualityguide_fs.htm [27] Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, US Deparment of Energy. Frequently Asked Questions - How much carbon dioxide is exhaled with each breath? . [cited 20 August 2008]; Available from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/pns/faq_othr.html 280
[28] Schettino GPP, Chatmongkolchart S, Hess D, Kacmarek R. Position of exhalation port and mask design affect CO2 rebreathing during noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 2003 August 31(8 ):2178-82. [29] ResMed. Humidification-Vicious Cycle. 2008 [cited 2008 10 June]; Available from: http://www.resmed.com/enus/clinicians/compliance_and_efficacy/humidification.html?menu=clinicians [30] Patroniti N, Foti G, Pesenti A. Conditioning of Inspired Gases in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. In: Vincent J-L, ed. Intensive Care Medicine: Annual Update 2002: Birkhäuser 2003:p279. [31] Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 10th ed: W. B. Saunders 2000:p441. [32] Mador MJ, Krauza M, Pervez A, Pierce D, Braun M. Effect of Heated Humidification on Compliance and Quality of Life in Patients With Sleep Apnea Using Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. Chest. 2005 October 1, 2005;128(4):2151- 8. [33] McNicholas WT. Follow-Up and Outcomes of Nasal CPAP Therapy in Patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. 2001 56(PART 6):535-9 [34] Massie CA, Hart RW, Peralez K, Richards GN. Effects of Humidification on Nasal Symptoms and Compliance in Sleep Apnea Patients Using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. Chest. 1999 August 1, 1999;116(2):403-8. [35] Hayes MJ, McGregor FB, Roberts DN, Schroter RC, Pride NB. Continuous nasal positive airway pressure with a mouth leak: effect on nasal mucosal blood flux and nasal geometry. Thorax. 1995 November;50(11):1179–82. . [36] Bacon JP, Farney RJ, Jensen RL, Walker JM, Cloward TV. Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Devices Do Not Maintain the Set Pressure Dynamically When Tested Under Simulated Clinical Conditions. Chest. 2000 November 1, 2000;118(5):1441-9. [37] White DE. Breathing therapy air delivery unit: simulation, design and development [Master's degree]: Auckland University of Technology; 2003. [38] Zhen ZF. CPAP mask thermo-fluid dynamic for carbon dioxide and condensation reduction [Master's degree]: Auckland University of Technology; 2005. [39] Nakayama Y. Introduction to fluid mechanics. London: Arnold 1999. [40] Alden JL. Design of industrial exhaust systems. 3rd. ed. New York: Industrial Press 1959. [41] Francis JRDd. A textbook of fluid mechanics for engineering students. London: Edward Arnold 1958. 281
Page 1 and 2:
The Effects of CPAP Tube Reverse Fl
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Acknowledgement First of all, I wou
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When deep breathing induced reverse
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2.4.1 Reverse flow calculation ....
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5.3.1 Thermal dynamic model under s
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XI.3 Steady state mask thermal bala
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Obstruct
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Figure 5.10 Comparison between expe
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Figure 6.13 Fluctuation of airflow
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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Nomenclature Symbol Meaning of the
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CMFeO CMFet C O C t Concentration o
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m C 23 m Ca m cv m Cw m store m i m
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Nu Cp Nu dir Nu Ti Nu To Nuwsn Nuws
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QMor QMwst QTastn QTicn QTin Q
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R Mic R Moc R Ticn R Toc R Torn Mas
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V Capacity of the container m 3 V C
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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
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The MRD is worn in user’s mouth w
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Figure 1.4 CPAP machine Figure 1.5
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1.3 Literature survey A literature
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CPAP fluid dynamic performance with
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Chapter 2 Mathematical Modelling of
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2.3 Fluid dynamic analysis This sec
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If there are minor pressure drops,
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Figure 2.6 Pressure sensor - Honeyw
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The pressure readings were taken af
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Figure 2.12 Experimental set up for
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2.3.4 Chamber air space mass balanc
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From the above analysis, the pressu
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Figure 2.18 Full face mask and the
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Inserting Eq. (2.26) and Eq. (2.27)
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Where n( ) t is the airflow proper
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However in reality, mixing turns ou
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Chapter 3 Mathematical Modelling of
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An Environment Control Chamber (Vö
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Figure 3.4 Thermal enthalpy gain of
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Figure 3.6 Heating element beneath
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Figure 3.8 Chamber water heat balan
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Table 3.1 Thermal resistance from h
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3.3.1.2 Heat balance at the outer s
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3.3.2 Heat flow from chamber water
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through ADU which is a function of
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It is assumed that the direct impac
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Sc a a (3.47) Dwa Analogous to th
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and keep them in gaseous status. On
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through the walls and natural conve
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Where d Ca is the specific humidity
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TTa ( n1) is also considered as inl
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R Torn 2 2 ATlor ( TTWn T )( TTWn
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condensation severity but cannot ca
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condensation has occurred at all or
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The inlet is the air from HADT duri
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3.9 Average temperature of inhaled
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Table 4.1 Inputs to the fluid dynam
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Figure 4.2 Simulink TM model for fl
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Table 4.4 Outputs from the overall
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Gain block after input 1 is to conv
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Figure 4.7 Varying Transport Delay
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4.2.5 Mask mixing calculation subsy
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4.3 Computational model of thermal
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Figure 4.11 Block diagram of CPAP t
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Figure 4.13 Simulink TM model for t
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The outputs are listed in Table 4.1
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Figure 4.16 Dynamic chamber-air the
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Figure 4.17 HADT lump thermal balan
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Figure 4.18 Steady state HADT lump
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Figure 4.19 HADT lump air dynamic f
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Figure 4.21Steady state mask full t
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4 Temperature of airflow from HADT
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Average evaporation rate subsystem
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HADT and connects those upstream se
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The experiment was also carried out
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air flowing through the elbow, a ce
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expansion from the elbow to the mas
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Figure 5.12 Environmental control r
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Table 5.1 shows the combinations of
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Figure 5.17 Comparison of model out
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The comparison of experimental resu
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5.3.1.4 Airflow temperature at the
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flow rate had been even further inc
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Figure 5.31 Comparison of condensat
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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3. The corrugated grooves on the HA
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5.3.2.1 Validation of evaporation r
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The experiment observation showed t
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Figure 6.1 Reverse flow under diffe
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It can also be seen in Figure 6.2 t
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within the same period. However, wh
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Figure 6.6 Comparison of evaporatio
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Figure 6.8 Airflow velocity in HADT
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Figure 6.11 Airflow velocity in HAD
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In Figure 6.14 the blue curve repre
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6.3.3.1.2 Comparison when heating e
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This vaporization potentiality (coi
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Figure 6.20 In-tube condensation of
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When using different sized masks, t
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Figure 6.23 Average specific humidi
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The average specific humidity in an
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Table 6.5 Comparison of average spe
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6. The deep breathing and reverse f
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Appendices Appendix I Regression of
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Appendix I. Regression of the press
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Figure I. 1 Tested results and the
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Appendix II. Regression of the pres
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Table III. 2 Airflow temperature an
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Appendix IV. The corrugated HADT ou
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The total area of the complicated c
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Figure V. 1 Regression of saturated
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This ratio can be regressed against
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Appendix VII. Details of the CPAP f
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VII.4 The mask pressure subsystem F
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Inputs to this water-centred subsys
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Heat
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input 4 is the portion of impact ar
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VIII.2.3 Water surface mass transfe
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This subsystem also contains two su
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VIII.2.5 Chamber wall 1 heat transf
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Figure VIII. 13 Wall 1 outer surfac
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Wall 2 and 3 inner surface temperat
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Figure VIII. 17 Chamber wall 2 and
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Inputs to this subsystem are listed
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Appendix IX. Details of steady stat
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Figure IX. 3 The HADT lump wall out
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Appendix X. Details of HADT lump ai
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2 Absolute value of airflow velocit
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Figure X. 5 HADT lump inlet absolut
Page 263 and 264: Figure XI. 2 Steady state mask mixi
Page 265 and 266: Figure XI. 4 Steady state mask wall
Page 267 and 268: Input port number Input Unit 1 Aver
Page 269 and 270: Appendix XII. Details of mask air d
Page 271 and 272: 4 Length of the triangular plate in
Page 273 and 274: 8 Length of the triangular plate in
Page 275 and 276: Appendix XIII. Details of the auxil
Page 277 and 278: XIII.3 Breath load average subsyste
Page 279 and 280: Figure XIII. 7 Average evaporation
Page 281 and 282: XIV.1.2 Under normal ambient temper
Page 283 and 284: XIV.2.3 Under high ambient temperat
Page 285 and 286: XIV.4 Airflow temperature at the en
Page 287 and 288: XIV.5.2 Under normal ambient temper
Page 289 and 290: XIV.6.3 Under high ambient temperat
Page 291 and 292: Appendix XVI. Regression of kinetic
Page 293 and 294: Figure XVII. 2 Condensation/evapora
Page 295 and 296: Figure XVIII. 2 Condensation/evapor
Page 297 and 298: at point C. Right after that, here
Page 299 and 300: Appendix XIX. Coefficient and param
Page 301 and 302: Average water thermal conductivity
Page 303 and 304: Appendix XXI. Fluid dynamic and the
Page 305 and 306: The lung simulator drives the air.
Page 307 and 308: Appendix XXII. Model user instructi
Page 309 and 310: The input blocks and their values a
Page 311 and 312: Dynamically fluctuating air tempera
Page 313: References [1] Good sleep advice. W
Page 317: [60] Marek R, Straub J. Analysis of
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