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[42] 1993 ASHRAE handbook: fundamentals. S.I. ed. Atlanta, Ga.: American Society of Heating 1993. [43] Douglas JF, Swaffield JA. Fluid mechanics. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall 2000. [44] Merritt HE. Hydraulic Control Systems: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1967. [45] Miller RW. Flow measurement engineering handbook: McGraw-Hill Book Company 1983. [46] Newman EV, Merrell M, Genecin A, Monge C, Milnor WR, McKeever WP. The Dye Dilution Method for Describing the Central Circulation: An Analysis of Factors Shaping the Time-Concentration Curves. Circulation. 1951 November 1, 1951;4(5):735-46. [47] Cengel YA. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. Boston: McGraw-Hill 2001. [48] Sonntag RE, Van Wylen GJ, Van Wylen GJ. Fundamentals of thermodynamics. 6th ed. New York: Wiley 2003. [49] Cengel YA. Heat transfer: a practical approach. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill 2002. [50] Cengel YA. Introduction to thermodynamics and heat transfer. International ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 1997. [51] Bejan A. Heat transfer handbook. New York: J. Wiley 2003. [52] Incropera FP. Introduction to heat transfer. 4th ed. New York: Wiley 2002. [53] Ruckenstein E. A Simple Algebraic Method for Obtaining the Heat or Mass Transfer Coefficients under Mixed Convection. Chemical engineering communications. 1980 4(1). [54] Ghoshdastidar PS. Heat transfer. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press 2004. [55] Welty JR. Fundamentals of momentum, heat, and mass transfer. 4th ed. New York: Wiley 2001. [56] Mills AF. Mass transfer. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall 2001. [57] Rohsenow WM. Handbook of heat transfer. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 1998. [58] Incropera FP. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. 5th ed. New York: J. Wiley 2002. [59] Infrared services I. Emissivity values for common materials. [cited 12, Sept. 2007]; Available from: http://www.infrared-thermography.com/material-1.htm 282
[60] Marek R, Straub J. Analysis of the evaporation coefficient and the condensation coefficient of water. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2001;44(1):39-53. [61] The engineering toolbox. Psychrometric Table of Moist Humid Air Properties [cited 2007 12 April]; Available from: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moist-airproperties-d_1256.html [62] Varjão FM, Nogueira SS. Nasal Width as a Guide for the Selection of Maxillary Complete Denture Anterior Teeth in Four Racial Groups. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2006;15(6):353-8. [63] Bloomer JJ. Practical fluid mechanics for engineering applications: Marcel Dekker Inc. 2000. [64] Erstich E, Milivojevic I. Functional Performance of the FlexFit 407: Nasal CPAP Mask. Test Report: Fisher and Paykel Healthcare Co. Ltd.; 2005. [65] Carl N. Stephan MHWS. Predicting nose projection and pronasale position in facial approximation: A test of published methods and proposal of new guidelines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2003;122(3):240-50. [66] Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G. A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal. 2000 Jan;37(1):48-54. [67] Sun I. HC600 Chamber Water Usage under Real Ventilation Conditions. Test Report: Fisher and Paykel Healthcare Co. Ltd.; 2006. [68] Egan DF, Wilkins RL, Stoller JK, Scanlan CL. Egan's fundamentals of respiratory care. 8th / edited by Robert L. Wilkins, James K. Stoller ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby 2003. [69] Doebelin EO. Measurement systems application and design. 5th ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education 2003. [70] Jeffrey A. Mathematics for engineers and scientists. 6th ed. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC 2005. [71] The engineering toolbox. Psychrometric Table of Moist Humid Air Properties. 2005 [cited 2007 16 April]; Available from: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moist-air-properties-d_1256.html [72] Cengel YA. Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2006. 283
Page 1 and 2:
The Effects of CPAP Tube Reverse Fl
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Acknowledgement First of all, I wou
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When deep breathing induced reverse
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2.4.1 Reverse flow calculation ....
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5.3.1 Thermal dynamic model under s
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XI.3 Steady state mask thermal bala
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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Obstruct
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Figure 5.10 Comparison between expe
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Figure 6.13 Fluctuation of airflow
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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Nomenclature Symbol Meaning of the
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CMFeO CMFet C O C t Concentration o
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m C 23 m Ca m cv m Cw m store m i m
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Nu Cp Nu dir Nu Ti Nu To Nuwsn Nuws
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QMor QMwst QTastn QTicn QTin Q
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R Mic R Moc R Ticn R Toc R Torn Mas
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V Capacity of the container m 3 V C
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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
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The MRD is worn in user’s mouth w
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Figure 1.4 CPAP machine Figure 1.5
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1.3 Literature survey A literature
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CPAP fluid dynamic performance with
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Chapter 2 Mathematical Modelling of
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2.3 Fluid dynamic analysis This sec
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If there are minor pressure drops,
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Figure 2.6 Pressure sensor - Honeyw
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The pressure readings were taken af
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Figure 2.12 Experimental set up for
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2.3.4 Chamber air space mass balanc
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From the above analysis, the pressu
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Figure 2.18 Full face mask and the
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Inserting Eq. (2.26) and Eq. (2.27)
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Where n( ) t is the airflow proper
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However in reality, mixing turns ou
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Chapter 3 Mathematical Modelling of
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An Environment Control Chamber (Vö
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Figure 3.4 Thermal enthalpy gain of
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Figure 3.6 Heating element beneath
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Figure 3.8 Chamber water heat balan
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Table 3.1 Thermal resistance from h
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3.3.1.2 Heat balance at the outer s
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3.3.2 Heat flow from chamber water
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through ADU which is a function of
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It is assumed that the direct impac
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Sc a a (3.47) Dwa Analogous to th
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and keep them in gaseous status. On
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through the walls and natural conve
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Where d Ca is the specific humidity
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TTa ( n1) is also considered as inl
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R Torn 2 2 ATlor ( TTWn T )( TTWn
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condensation severity but cannot ca
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condensation has occurred at all or
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The inlet is the air from HADT duri
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3.9 Average temperature of inhaled
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Table 4.1 Inputs to the fluid dynam
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Figure 4.2 Simulink TM model for fl
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Table 4.4 Outputs from the overall
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Gain block after input 1 is to conv
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Figure 4.7 Varying Transport Delay
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4.2.5 Mask mixing calculation subsy
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4.3 Computational model of thermal
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Figure 4.11 Block diagram of CPAP t
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Figure 4.13 Simulink TM model for t
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The outputs are listed in Table 4.1
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Figure 4.16 Dynamic chamber-air the
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Figure 4.17 HADT lump thermal balan
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Figure 4.18 Steady state HADT lump
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Figure 4.19 HADT lump air dynamic f
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Figure 4.21Steady state mask full t
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4 Temperature of airflow from HADT
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Average evaporation rate subsystem
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HADT and connects those upstream se
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The experiment was also carried out
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air flowing through the elbow, a ce
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expansion from the elbow to the mas
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Figure 5.12 Environmental control r
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Table 5.1 shows the combinations of
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Figure 5.17 Comparison of model out
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The comparison of experimental resu
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5.3.1.4 Airflow temperature at the
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flow rate had been even further inc
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Figure 5.31 Comparison of condensat
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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3. The corrugated grooves on the HA
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5.3.2.1 Validation of evaporation r
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The experiment observation showed t
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Figure 6.1 Reverse flow under diffe
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It can also be seen in Figure 6.2 t
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within the same period. However, wh
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Figure 6.6 Comparison of evaporatio
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Figure 6.8 Airflow velocity in HADT
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Figure 6.11 Airflow velocity in HAD
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In Figure 6.14 the blue curve repre
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6.3.3.1.2 Comparison when heating e
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This vaporization potentiality (coi
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Figure 6.20 In-tube condensation of
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When using different sized masks, t
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Figure 6.23 Average specific humidi
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The average specific humidity in an
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Table 6.5 Comparison of average spe
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6. The deep breathing and reverse f
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Appendices Appendix I Regression of
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Appendix I. Regression of the press
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Figure I. 1 Tested results and the
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Appendix II. Regression of the pres
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Table III. 2 Airflow temperature an
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Appendix IV. The corrugated HADT ou
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The total area of the complicated c
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Figure V. 1 Regression of saturated
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This ratio can be regressed against
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Appendix VII. Details of the CPAP f
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VII.4 The mask pressure subsystem F
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Inputs to this water-centred subsys
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Heat
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input 4 is the portion of impact ar
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VIII.2.3 Water surface mass transfe
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This subsystem also contains two su
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VIII.2.5 Chamber wall 1 heat transf
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Figure VIII. 13 Wall 1 outer surfac
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Wall 2 and 3 inner surface temperat
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Figure VIII. 17 Chamber wall 2 and
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Inputs to this subsystem are listed
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Appendix IX. Details of steady stat
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Figure IX. 3 The HADT lump wall out
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Appendix X. Details of HADT lump ai
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2 Absolute value of airflow velocit
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Figure X. 5 HADT lump inlet absolut
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Figure XI. 2 Steady state mask mixi
Page 265 and 266: Figure XI. 4 Steady state mask wall
Page 267 and 268: Input port number Input Unit 1 Aver
Page 269 and 270: Appendix XII. Details of mask air d
Page 271 and 272: 4 Length of the triangular plate in
Page 273 and 274: 8 Length of the triangular plate in
Page 275 and 276: Appendix XIII. Details of the auxil
Page 277 and 278: XIII.3 Breath load average subsyste
Page 279 and 280: Figure XIII. 7 Average evaporation
Page 281 and 282: XIV.1.2 Under normal ambient temper
Page 283 and 284: XIV.2.3 Under high ambient temperat
Page 285 and 286: XIV.4 Airflow temperature at the en
Page 287 and 288: XIV.5.2 Under normal ambient temper
Page 289 and 290: XIV.6.3 Under high ambient temperat
Page 291 and 292: Appendix XVI. Regression of kinetic
Page 293 and 294: Figure XVII. 2 Condensation/evapora
Page 295 and 296: Figure XVIII. 2 Condensation/evapor
Page 297 and 298: at point C. Right after that, here
Page 299 and 300: Appendix XIX. Coefficient and param
Page 301 and 302: Average water thermal conductivity
Page 303 and 304: Appendix XXI. Fluid dynamic and the
Page 305 and 306: The lung simulator drives the air.
Page 307 and 308: Appendix XXII. Model user instructi
Page 309 and 310: The input blocks and their values a
Page 311 and 312: Dynamically fluctuating air tempera
Page 313 and 314: References [1] Good sleep advice. W
Page 315: [28] Schettino GPP, Chatmongkolchar
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