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List of Tables Table 3.1 Thermal resistance from heating plate to chamber base top .......................... 45 Table 3.2 Overall resistance from heating element to heating plate [19] ...................... 47 Table 4.1 Inputs to the fluid dynamics model .............................................................. 75 Table 4.2 Inputs of the fluid dynamics model .............................................................. 75 Table 4.3 Inputs to the overall fluid dynamic section subsystem .................................. 78 Table 4.4 Outputs from the overall fluid dynamic section subsystem........................... 79 Table 4.5 Inputs to the ADU outlet pressure subsystem ............................................... 79 Table 4.6 Inputs to the CPAP fluid dynamic section after ADU outlet ......................... 80 Table 4.7 Outputs from the CPAP fluid dynamic section after ADU outlet .................. 81 Table 4.8 Inputs to the reverse flow calculation subsystem .......................................... 81 Table 4.9 Inputs to the mask mixing calculation subsystem ......................................... 85 Table 4.10 Inputs to the percentage of exhaled air being re-breathed subsystem .......... 86 Table 4.11 Inputs to the thermal dynamic model ......................................................... 87 Table 4.12 Outputs from the thermal dynamic model .................................................. 88 Table 4.13 Inputs to the thermal section of ADU and chamber part ............................. 92 Table 4.14 Outputs from the thermal section of ADU and chamber part ...................... 93 Table 4.15 Inputs to the whole chamber steady state subsystem .................................. 94 Table 4.16 Outputs from the whole chamber steady state subsystem ........................... 95 Table 4.17 Inputs to the dynamic chamber-air thermal balance subsystem .................. 96 Table 4.18 Outputs from the dynamic chamber-air thermal balance subsystem ........... 97 Table 4.19 Inputs to the HADT lump thermal balance subsystem ................................ 98 Table 4.20 Outputs from the HADT lump thermal balance subsystem ......................... 99 Table 4.21 Inputs to the steady state HADT lump full thermal balance subsystem ..... 100 Table 4.22 Outputs from the steady state HADT lump full thermal balance subsystem .......................................................................................................................... 101 Table 4.23 Inputs to the HADT lump air dynamic fluctuating thermal balance and condensation subsystem .................................................................................... 102 Table 4.24 Outputs from the HADT lump air dynamic fluctuating thermal balance and condensation subsystem .................................................................................... 103 Table 4.25 Inputs to the mask thermal balance subsystem ......................................... 104 Table 4.26 Outputs from the mask thermal balance subsystem .................................. 105 Table 4.27 Inputs to the steady state mask full thermal balance subsystem ................ 106 Table 4.28 Outputs from the steady state mask full thermal balance subsystem ......... 107 Table 4.29 Inputs to the mask air dynamic fluctuating thermal balance and condensation subsystem.......................................................................................................... 108 Table 4.30 Outputs from the mask air dynamic fluctuating thermal balance and condensation subsystem .................................................................................... 109 Table 5.1 Combinations of conditions and settings for steady state thermal validation .......................................................................................................................... 123 Table 5.2 Comparison of condensation between experimental results and model outputs vs. heating element temperature setting under normal room temperature, 12cmH2O CPAP pressure setting and no tube heating ........................................................ 138 xviii
Table 5.3 Comparison of condensation between experimental results and model outputs vs. CPAP pressure setting under normal room temperature, 55°C heating element setting and no tube heating ................................................................................ 139 Table 5.4 Comparison and errors of Condensation between experimental results and model outputs vs. ambient temperature under CPAP pressure setting at 12cmH2O, heating element setting at 55°C and 15W tube heating ...................................... 139 Table 5.5 Comparison of condensation between experimental results and model outputs vs. tube heating under CPAP pressure setting at 12cmH2O, heating element setting at 55°C and normal room temperature ............................................................... 140 Table 5.6 Factors influencing HADT condensation ................................................... 140 Table 6.1 Ratio of percentage of exhaled air in inhalation between full-face mask and nasal mask......................................................................................................... 149 Table 6.2 Comparison of condensation/evaporation in the last lumps of HADT using different size of masks (cycle-wise net condensation/evaporation amount in mg/s) .......................................................................................................................... 167 Table 6.3 Comparison of average temperature in the mask using different size of masks with different breath load .................................................................................. 167 Table 6.4 Comparison of average temperature in inhaled air using different size of masks with different breath load ........................................................................ 167 Table 6.5 Comparison of average specific humidity in the mask and in inhaled air using different size of masks with normal breath ........................................................ 173 xix
Page 1 and 2: The Effects of CPAP Tube Reverse Fl
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement First of all, I wou
Page 5 and 6: When deep breathing induced reverse
Page 7 and 8: 2.4.1 Reverse flow calculation ....
Page 9 and 10: 5.3.1 Thermal dynamic model under s
Page 11 and 12: XI.3 Steady state mask thermal bala
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1.1 Obstruct
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.10 Comparison between expe
Page 17: Figure 6.13 Fluctuation of airflow
Page 21 and 22: Nomenclature Symbol Meaning of the
Page 23 and 24: CMFeO CMFet C O C t Concentration o
Page 25 and 26: m C 23 m Ca m cv m Cw m store m i m
Page 27 and 28: Nu Cp Nu dir Nu Ti Nu To Nuwsn Nuws
Page 29 and 30: QMor QMwst QTastn QTicn QTin Q
Page 31 and 32: R Mic R Moc R Ticn R Toc R Torn Mas
Page 33 and 34: V Capacity of the container m 3 V C
Page 35 and 36: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 37 and 38: The MRD is worn in user’s mouth w
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.4 CPAP machine Figure 1.5
Page 41 and 42: 1.3 Literature survey A literature
Page 43 and 44: CPAP fluid dynamic performance with
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Mathematical Modelling of
Page 47 and 48: 2.3 Fluid dynamic analysis This sec
Page 49 and 50: If there are minor pressure drops,
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.6 Pressure sensor - Honeyw
Page 53 and 54: The pressure readings were taken af
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.12 Experimental set up for
Page 57 and 58: 2.3.4 Chamber air space mass balanc
Page 59 and 60: From the above analysis, the pressu
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2.18 Full face mask and the
Page 63 and 64: Inserting Eq. (2.26) and Eq. (2.27)
Page 65 and 66: Where n( ) t is the airflow proper
Page 67 and 68: However in reality, mixing turns ou
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 3 Mathematical Modelling of
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An Environment Control Chamber (Vö
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Figure 3.4 Thermal enthalpy gain of
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Figure 3.6 Heating element beneath
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Figure 3.8 Chamber water heat balan
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Table 3.1 Thermal resistance from h
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3.3.1.2 Heat balance at the outer s
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3.3.2 Heat flow from chamber water
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through ADU which is a function of
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It is assumed that the direct impac
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Sc a a (3.47) Dwa Analogous to th
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and keep them in gaseous status. On
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through the walls and natural conve
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Where d Ca is the specific humidity
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TTa ( n1) is also considered as inl
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R Torn 2 2 ATlor ( TTWn T )( TTWn
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condensation severity but cannot ca
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condensation has occurred at all or
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The inlet is the air from HADT duri
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3.9 Average temperature of inhaled
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Table 4.1 Inputs to the fluid dynam
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Figure 4.2 Simulink TM model for fl
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Table 4.4 Outputs from the overall
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Gain block after input 1 is to conv
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Figure 4.7 Varying Transport Delay
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4.2.5 Mask mixing calculation subsy
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4.3 Computational model of thermal
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Figure 4.11 Block diagram of CPAP t
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Figure 4.13 Simulink TM model for t
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The outputs are listed in Table 4.1
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Page 131 and 132:
Figure 4.16 Dynamic chamber-air the
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Figure 4.17 HADT lump thermal balan
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Figure 4.18 Steady state HADT lump
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Figure 4.19 HADT lump air dynamic f
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Figure 4.21Steady state mask full t
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4 Temperature of airflow from HADT
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Average evaporation rate subsystem
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HADT and connects those upstream se
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The experiment was also carried out
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air flowing through the elbow, a ce
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expansion from the elbow to the mas
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Figure 5.12 Environmental control r
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Table 5.1 shows the combinations of
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Figure 5.17 Comparison of model out
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The comparison of experimental resu
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Page 165 and 166:
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5.3.1.4 Airflow temperature at the
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flow rate had been even further inc
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Figure 5.31 Comparison of condensat
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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3. The corrugated grooves on the HA
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5.3.2.1 Validation of evaporation r
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The experiment observation showed t
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Figure 6.1 Reverse flow under diffe
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It can also be seen in Figure 6.2 t
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within the same period. However, wh
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Figure 6.6 Comparison of evaporatio
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Figure 6.8 Airflow velocity in HADT
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Figure 6.11 Airflow velocity in HAD
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In Figure 6.14 the blue curve repre
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6.3.3.1.2 Comparison when heating e
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This vaporization potentiality (coi
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Figure 6.20 In-tube condensation of
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When using different sized masks, t
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Figure 6.23 Average specific humidi
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The average specific humidity in an
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Table 6.5 Comparison of average spe
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6. The deep breathing and reverse f
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Appendices Appendix I Regression of
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Appendix I. Regression of the press
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Figure I. 1 Tested results and the
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Appendix II. Regression of the pres
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Table III. 2 Airflow temperature an
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Appendix IV. The corrugated HADT ou
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The total area of the complicated c
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Figure V. 1 Regression of saturated
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This ratio can be regressed against
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Appendix VII. Details of the CPAP f
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VII.4 The mask pressure subsystem F
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Inputs to this water-centred subsys
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Heat
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input 4 is the portion of impact ar
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VIII.2.3 Water surface mass transfe
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This subsystem also contains two su
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VIII.2.5 Chamber wall 1 heat transf
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Figure VIII. 13 Wall 1 outer surfac
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Wall 2 and 3 inner surface temperat
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Figure VIII. 17 Chamber wall 2 and
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Inputs to this subsystem are listed
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Appendix IX. Details of steady stat
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Figure IX. 3 The HADT lump wall out
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Appendix X. Details of HADT lump ai
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2 Absolute value of airflow velocit
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Figure X. 5 HADT lump inlet absolut
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Figure XI. 2 Steady state mask mixi
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Figure XI. 4 Steady state mask wall
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Aver
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Appendix XII. Details of mask air d
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4 Length of the triangular plate in
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8 Length of the triangular plate in
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Appendix XIII. Details of the auxil
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XIII.3 Breath load average subsyste
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Figure XIII. 7 Average evaporation
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XIV.1.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.2.3 Under high ambient temperat
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XIV.4 Airflow temperature at the en
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XIV.5.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.6.3 Under high ambient temperat
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Appendix XVI. Regression of kinetic
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Figure XVII. 2 Condensation/evapora
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Figure XVIII. 2 Condensation/evapor
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at point C. Right after that, here
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Appendix XIX. Coefficient and param
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Average water thermal conductivity
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Appendix XXI. Fluid dynamic and the
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The lung simulator drives the air.
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Appendix XXII. Model user instructi
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The input blocks and their values a
Page 311 and 312:
Dynamically fluctuating air tempera
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References [1] Good sleep advice. W
Page 315 and 316:
[28] Schettino GPP, Chatmongkolchar
Page 317:
[60] Marek R, Straub J. Analysis of
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