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m BV m cndns m D m ev m in m out m Mec m Tlec m P m T nBH Bias vent mass flow rate kg/s condensation rate kg/s Air mass flow rate through connecting duct kg/s Evaporation rate on chamber water surface kg/s Mass flow rate toward a container kg/s Mass flow rate away from a container kg/s Mask inner surface condensation or evaporation rate kg/s HADT lump inner surface condensation or evaporation rate kg/s Patient’s respiratory mass flow rate kg/s Air mass flow rate in HADT kg/s Number of bias vent holes Nu Nusselt number NuBwn NuC 2ni NuC 2 fi NuC 2mi NuC3ni NuC 2no NuC3no Natural convection Nusselt number from chamber base to water Natural convection Nusselt number at the inner surface of wall 2 Forced convection Nusselt number at the inner surface of wall 2 mixed convection Nusselt number at chamber wall 2 inner surface mixed convection Nusselt number at chamber wall 3 inner surface Natural convection Nusselt number at chamber wall 2 outer surface Natural convection Nusselt number at chamber wall 3 outer surface xxvi
Nu Cp Nu dir Nu Ti Nu To Nuwsn Nuwsf Nuwsm Nusselt number for chamber water surface parallel flow Nusselt number for direct impact on chamber water surface Forced convectional Nusselt number at HADT inner surface Nusselt number of natural convection on HADT outer surface P Pressure P o P Ao P C P M P set Chamber water surface natural convection Nusselt number Total water surface forced convection Nusselt number Water surface mixed convection Nusselt number Standard atmospheric air pressure (101325 Pascals) Pascal Pressure at air delivery unit outlet Pascal Pressure in chamber Pascal Pressure in the mask Pascal CPAP pressure setting cmH2O P Pressure drop or pressure gap Pascal Pmn Ptotal minor pressure drop Pascal Total pressure drop along the whole tubing system with frictional and minor losses included Pr Prandtl number Pr a Pr w q q C q P Prandtl number of air Prandtl number of water xxvii Pascal Volumetric flow rate m 3 /s Volumetric chamber air flow rate m 3 /s Patient’s respiratory volumetric flow rate m 3 /s
Page 1 and 2: The Effects of CPAP Tube Reverse Fl
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement First of all, I wou
Page 5 and 6: When deep breathing induced reverse
Page 7 and 8: 2.4.1 Reverse flow calculation ....
Page 9 and 10: 5.3.1 Thermal dynamic model under s
Page 11 and 12: XI.3 Steady state mask thermal bala
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1.1 Obstruct
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.10 Comparison between expe
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6.13 Fluctuation of airflow
Page 19 and 20: Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
Page 21 and 22: Nomenclature Symbol Meaning of the
Page 23 and 24: CMFeO CMFet C O C t Concentration o
Page 25: m C 23 m Ca m cv m Cw m store m i m
Page 29 and 30: QMor QMwst QTastn QTicn QTin Q
Page 31 and 32: R Mic R Moc R Ticn R Toc R Torn Mas
Page 33 and 34: V Capacity of the container m 3 V C
Page 35 and 36: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 37 and 38: The MRD is worn in user’s mouth w
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.4 CPAP machine Figure 1.5
Page 41 and 42: 1.3 Literature survey A literature
Page 43 and 44: CPAP fluid dynamic performance with
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Mathematical Modelling of
Page 47 and 48: 2.3 Fluid dynamic analysis This sec
Page 49 and 50: If there are minor pressure drops,
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.6 Pressure sensor - Honeyw
Page 53 and 54: The pressure readings were taken af
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.12 Experimental set up for
Page 57 and 58: 2.3.4 Chamber air space mass balanc
Page 59 and 60: From the above analysis, the pressu
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2.18 Full face mask and the
Page 63 and 64: Inserting Eq. (2.26) and Eq. (2.27)
Page 65 and 66: Where n( ) t is the airflow proper
Page 67 and 68: However in reality, mixing turns ou
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Mathematical Modelling of
Page 71 and 72: An Environment Control Chamber (Vö
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.4 Thermal enthalpy gain of
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.6 Heating element beneath
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 3.8 Chamber water heat balan
Page 79 and 80:
Table 3.1 Thermal resistance from h
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3.3.1.2 Heat balance at the outer s
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3.3.2 Heat flow from chamber water
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through ADU which is a function of
Page 87 and 88:
It is assumed that the direct impac
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Sc a a (3.47) Dwa Analogous to th
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and keep them in gaseous status. On
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through the walls and natural conve
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Where d Ca is the specific humidity
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TTa ( n1) is also considered as inl
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R Torn 2 2 ATlor ( TTWn T )( TTWn
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condensation severity but cannot ca
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condensation has occurred at all or
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The inlet is the air from HADT duri
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3.9 Average temperature of inhaled
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Table 4.1 Inputs to the fluid dynam
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Figure 4.2 Simulink TM model for fl
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Table 4.4 Outputs from the overall
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Gain block after input 1 is to conv
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Figure 4.7 Varying Transport Delay
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4.2.5 Mask mixing calculation subsy
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4.3 Computational model of thermal
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Figure 4.11 Block diagram of CPAP t
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Figure 4.13 Simulink TM model for t
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The outputs are listed in Table 4.1
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Page 131 and 132:
Figure 4.16 Dynamic chamber-air the
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Figure 4.17 HADT lump thermal balan
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Figure 4.18 Steady state HADT lump
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Figure 4.19 HADT lump air dynamic f
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 4.21Steady state mask full t
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4 Temperature of airflow from HADT
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Average evaporation rate subsystem
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HADT and connects those upstream se
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The experiment was also carried out
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air flowing through the elbow, a ce
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expansion from the elbow to the mas
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Figure 5.12 Environmental control r
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Table 5.1 shows the combinations of
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Figure 5.17 Comparison of model out
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The comparison of experimental resu
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Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
5.3.1.4 Airflow temperature at the
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flow rate had been even further inc
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Figure 5.31 Comparison of condensat
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Table 5.3 Comparison of condensatio
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3. The corrugated grooves on the HA
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5.3.2.1 Validation of evaporation r
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The experiment observation showed t
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Figure 6.1 Reverse flow under diffe
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It can also be seen in Figure 6.2 t
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within the same period. However, wh
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Figure 6.6 Comparison of evaporatio
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Figure 6.8 Airflow velocity in HADT
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Figure 6.11 Airflow velocity in HAD
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In Figure 6.14 the blue curve repre
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6.3.3.1.2 Comparison when heating e
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This vaporization potentiality (coi
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Figure 6.20 In-tube condensation of
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When using different sized masks, t
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Figure 6.23 Average specific humidi
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The average specific humidity in an
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Table 6.5 Comparison of average spe
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6. The deep breathing and reverse f
Page 211 and 212:
Appendices Appendix I Regression of
Page 213 and 214:
Appendix I. Regression of the press
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Figure I. 1 Tested results and the
Page 217 and 218:
Appendix II. Regression of the pres
Page 219 and 220:
Table III. 2 Airflow temperature an
Page 221 and 222:
Appendix IV. The corrugated HADT ou
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The total area of the complicated c
Page 225 and 226:
Figure V. 1 Regression of saturated
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This ratio can be regressed against
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Appendix VII. Details of the CPAP f
Page 231 and 232:
VII.4 The mask pressure subsystem F
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Inputs to this water-centred subsys
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Heat
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input 4 is the portion of impact ar
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VIII.2.3 Water surface mass transfe
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This subsystem also contains two su
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VIII.2.5 Chamber wall 1 heat transf
Page 245 and 246:
Figure VIII. 13 Wall 1 outer surfac
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Wall 2 and 3 inner surface temperat
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Figure VIII. 17 Chamber wall 2 and
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Inputs to this subsystem are listed
Page 253 and 254:
Appendix IX. Details of steady stat
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Figure IX. 3 The HADT lump wall out
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Appendix X. Details of HADT lump ai
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2 Absolute value of airflow velocit
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Figure X. 5 HADT lump inlet absolut
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Figure XI. 2 Steady state mask mixi
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Figure XI. 4 Steady state mask wall
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Input port number Input Unit 1 Aver
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Appendix XII. Details of mask air d
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4 Length of the triangular plate in
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8 Length of the triangular plate in
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Appendix XIII. Details of the auxil
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XIII.3 Breath load average subsyste
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Figure XIII. 7 Average evaporation
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XIV.1.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.2.3 Under high ambient temperat
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XIV.4 Airflow temperature at the en
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XIV.5.2 Under normal ambient temper
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XIV.6.3 Under high ambient temperat
Page 291 and 292:
Appendix XVI. Regression of kinetic
Page 293 and 294:
Figure XVII. 2 Condensation/evapora
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Figure XVIII. 2 Condensation/evapor
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at point C. Right after that, here
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Appendix XIX. Coefficient and param
Page 301 and 302:
Average water thermal conductivity
Page 303 and 304:
Appendix XXI. Fluid dynamic and the
Page 305 and 306:
The lung simulator drives the air.
Page 307 and 308:
Appendix XXII. Model user instructi
Page 309 and 310:
The input blocks and their values a
Page 311 and 312:
Dynamically fluctuating air tempera
Page 313 and 314:
References [1] Good sleep advice. W
Page 315 and 316:
[28] Schettino GPP, Chatmongkolchar
Page 317:
[60] Marek R, Straub J. Analysis of
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